2000s

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This article is about the decade starting at the beginning of 2000 and ending at the end of 2009. For the century or millennium starting in 2001, see 21st century and 3rd millennium.

The 2000s decade refers to the years from 2000 to 2009. However, informally, just as some Americans would say that the socio-cultural decade of the 1930s began with the 1929 stock market crash, others give differing dates for the beginning of the 2000s. For example, it could be considered that the decade began symbolically with the 9/11 attacks. Realistically, however, there is likely to be little agreement on the issue until 2009.

Thus far, the 2000s has generally been marked with an escalation of the social issues of the 1990s, which included the increasing awareness of terrorism and the rapid expansion of economic globalization. Communications and telecommunications have advanced drastically, with the widespread proliferation of the Internet and mobile phones, among other things.

Most major political developments in the 2000s revolved around the War on Terrorism, which was triggered by the September 11, 2001 Attacks and the Moscow Theatre Siege, and led to the American war in Iraq. These and other events have dominated the news almost daily, including the many controversies regarding their consequences and justifications. The Iraq War, launched in 2003, has generated extreme controversy around the world, with many questioning its justification or questioning the United States' motives. Tensions have escalated in the Middle East regarding the War in Iraq, the Iranian nuclear crisis, Israel's month-long war against Hezbollah, and the election of Hamas in Israeli-occupied Palestine. North Korea has generated a nuclear crisis of its own by withdrawing from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and its reporting of a successful nuclear test.

Economic developments have largely focused on the explosion of Asia's economic and political potential, with China experiencing immense economic growth, moving toward the status of a regional power and billion-consumer market. India, along with many other developing countries, has seen a rapid increase in its economy, accelerated by increased technological integration with the economies of more developed countries[1]. A trend connecting economic and political events in North America, Asia and the Middle East is the rapidly increasing demand for fossil fuels, which, along with fewer new petroleum finds, greater extraction costs and political turmoil, saw the price of gas and oil soar nearly 300% between 2000 and 2005.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Names of the decade

In contrast to the decades from 1920 to 1999, which are called "The Twenties," "The Thirties" and the like, the '00s have had no universally-accepted name. Some refer to the decade as the "two thousands," but many find that usage awkward and incorrect for a number of reasons—most notably the fact that the "two thousands" can also be seen as pertaining to the 21st century, or even the entire millennium. Written in numeral form, the decade can be written either as the "2000s" or as the "'00s". But looking for a name that has the same "feel" as 'The Nineties' or 'The Fifties' has been problematic, especially in the United States.

In the rest of the English-speaking world "The Noughties" and "The Noughts" have come to be the most widely recognized and accepted terms. [2] The term "Noughties" has been adopted by the BBC, [3] and while the term may not be universal, there is no other term so widely recognized. Probably the only reason that the term Noughties has not been completely accepted world wide is the fact that, in the United States (where usage of naught or nought to mean zero has never been ubiquitous), there is some confusion by those who assume erroneously that the term has something to do with the adjective naughty.

Other proposed names have been almost innumerable, and include, "the zeroes", "double zeroes", the "aughts" (which gained some popularity in the early 20th century), "double-aughts", "oh's", "double oh's", "aughties", "2K's", "uh-ohs", "zoogs", "ozies", and "abs".

The United Nations General Assembly declared the decade of 2000-2009 as the "International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World." [4]

[edit] Events and trends

[edit] War, peace and politics

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• The Israeli-Palestinian conflict continued in the 2000s. The Al-Aqsa Intifada resulted in violence claiming the lives of more than 3,900 people from September 29, 2000 [5]. Peace negotiations between Israelis and Palestinians remained stagnant during this period, although in 2005 the Israeli government enacted its unilateral disengagement plan which removed Israeli settlements from Gaza.
• Major controversy over the 2000 U. S. presidential election between George W. Bush and Al Gore regarding the extremely tight results in Florida which would influence the overall outcome. Eventually, the issue was raised by the Supreme Court which called Florida for Bush, who thus won the election with enough electoral votes yet received less of the popular vote than Gore.
• September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on New York's World Trade Center and Virginia's Pentagon killing 2,993 people. A resultant change in stance towards international terrorism (See New Era and War on Terror) has ripple effects on the USA's foreign policy and military strategy.
• U.S. invasion of Afghanistan to depose the Taliban regime in response to the September 11 2001 terrorist attacks (October 7, 2001 – July 18, 2003).
• Venezuelan coup attempt of 2002 against Hugo Chávez
• The Convention on the Future of Europe proposing first European constitution (i.e., of the EU). The Constitution is rejected by French and Dutch electorate in 2005 leading to political crisis in EU.
• East Timor gains official independence from Indonesia. (May 20, 2002)
• International Criminal Court established, used for judging war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide (July 1, 2002)
• American and British forces respond to a disputed Iraqi threat with the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
• Darfur conflict in Sudan
• "Orange Revolution" in Ukraine leads to election of Viktor Yushchenko as President after initial election victory of incumbent Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych is annulled due to vote-rigging
• Revolution in Kyrgyzstan overthrows government of President Askar Akayev
• Beslan school hostage crisis, in which multinational terrorists take a school in Beslan, Russia hostage. 344 people including children die in the ensuing crisis. (September 1, 2004)
• United States expands international influence, in particular in the Middle East. The US also holds a number of war games pertaining to the Strait of Taiwan in preparation for a possible war with the People's Republic of China over a Taiwanese secession. China and Russia display a strategic relationship during a simulated "humanitarian" crisis in the same region during Peace Mission 2005.
• Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro and his conservative Liberal Democratic Party are re-elected in a landslide election in September 2005, mainly due to a booming Japanese economy and Junichiro's plans to privatise the Japanese postal service.
• In 2005, Early elections in Germany produce the second Grand Coalition for the country in almost forty years. After weeks of talks, the center-left Social Democrats and center-right Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union agree to let conservative Angela Merkel become chancellor. She is first chancellor to be from eastern Germany, as well as the country's first female chancellor.
• In Italy (2006: Prodi) and in Spain (2004: Zapatero) center-left and left parties won the elections.
• In America, as the Baby Boomers get set for retirement, Generation X begins to step up into political power, signified by the election of Illinois senator Barack Obama. Generation X grew in pop culture with the 1980s and 1990s.
• The world's view of the United States changes in the 2000s, particularly due to the interventionist policies of the Bush administration. Other issues such as Hurricane Katrina, NSA warrantless surveillance controversy, and the Iraq War cause deep polarization in Americans' views of George Bush's presidency. In late 2005 and early 2006, some Democratic politicians begin to consider calling for an impeachment inquiry into Bush's actions.
• Illegal immigration in the United States talk and debate becomes widespread after press coverage in 2006 and thousands of Latinos in America participate in mass protests. The government has thus far failed to pass any new legislation regarding illegal immigration.
• On July 12, 2006, Hezbollah captured two Israeli soldiers from Lebanon. In response, Israel launched a response by bombing Hezbollah strongholds throughout the country and moving troops into southern Lebanon to create a buffer zone and force out Hezbollah in the region. Israel's response has been widely-condemned by the international community, and negotiations are ongoing to solve the immediate crisis.
• North Korea and Iran have continued their development of nuclear programs despite warnings from the United Nations Security Council. Iran has continually denied developing nuclear weapons and claims that their nuclear program is for peaceful purposes. However, the Western world has denied this, and even Russia and China have shown some concern over the program. North Korea, however, declared having nuclear weapons in 2005 and has been in a political stalemate since, refusing to negotiate with anybody but the United States over the issue. On July 5, 2006, North Korea tested a long-range Taepodong-2 with the potential to reach the United States, but it failed shortly after launch .As well as this, on October 9,2006, North Korea tested a small nuclear device near Kilchu, in the north. This has caused the UN and to further isolate the country, already the most isolated in the world.
• On July 31, 2006, Fidel Castro temporarily ceded presidential duties to his brother, Raúl Castro, after undergoing intestinal surgery.

[edit] Economics

• Globalization: Transnational companies become more pervasive, and anti-globalization protests occur frequently during meetings of IMF and WTO, especially in the early 2000s.
• The euro becomes legal tender in twelve European Union countries in 2002. It is the largest monetary union in history. The euro eases trade in the Eurozone.
• The NASDAQ, the American Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange closed for six days after the September 11th, 2001 attacks the longest close since the Great Depression in 1929.
• Major downturn in the value of dot-com shares, with occasional exceptions (Google's IPO on August 13, 2004). The Internet itself continues to grow as a business and advertising medium, with steady increases in online shopping and banking activities. Other successful firms include Amazon.com and eBay.
• The US dominance over the world economy continues, but economically rising nations and organizations like China and India show signs of becoming contending world powers.
• Significant oil price rises. Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline opens on 25 May 2005, potentially removing the dependence of the United States and other Western nations on Middle Eastern oil.
• Enron and other major accounting and corporate governance scandals prompt reviews of corporate government legislation worldwide (eg Sarbanes-Oxley Act)
• The 1990s stock market boom ends in Mid-March to Early September of 2000-2001, due to 9/11 and the tech-bubble burst.
• Post-9/11 Recession from 2001-2002. The Dow Jones average would sink to the 7000 level during July 2002. Continuing stagnation in US and global monthly jobs growth afterwards. A recovery in US GDP growth begins after May 2003, but with continuing weakness on many indicators as of 2006.
• American automobile companies General Motors and Ford lose market share to Japanese Makes such as Toyota and Honda in the US. This trend of General Motors and Ford losing market share to Honda and Toyota started around 1998 in the US and still continues in 2006.
• By 2006, the U.S. economy had reached new heights, with the stock market breaking records, home prices rising and flattening study, and interest rates curbed. Gas prices lowered out by September of 2006, further fueling economic prospects.
• The Dow Jones surpasses 12,000 for the first time in history, in mid-2006.

[edit] Technology

• A huge jump in broadband internet usage, from 6% of U.S. internet users in June, 2000 to what one study predicts will be 62% by 2010 (although signs now show that broadband internet usage, continuing in its current trend, will be well over 90% by 2010 in the US).
• Boom in music downloading and the use of data compression to quickly transfer music over the Internet, with a corresponding rise of portable digital audio players typified by Apple Computer's iPod. Digital music sales rise, accounting for 6% of all music sales in 2005.
• Digital cameras become very popular due to rapid decreases in size and cost while photo resolution steadily increases. Sales of film reel cameras diminish greatly as a result.
• Google and Yahoo search engines increases trafficability of the internet and "to Google" becomes a verb.
• The Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster occurred in February 2003.
• Due to an increase in ability to store data, USB flash drives rapidly replace zip disks and 3.5-inch diskettes.
• Graphic cards become powerful enough to render ultra-high-resolution (e.g. 1920x1200) scenes in real time with substantial detail and texture.
• Windows XP and Microsoft Office 2003 become the ubiquitous industry standard in personal computer software. Open source and free software continues to be a notable but minority interest, with versions of Linux gaining in popularity, as well as the Mozilla Firefox web browser and the OpenOffice document editor.
• Flat panel displays begin displacing cathode ray tubes.
• Major advances in Hybrid vehicles such as the Toyota Prius, Ford Escape, and the Honda Insight.
• Greater interest in future energy development due to global warming theory and the potential exhaustion of crude oil.
• Blogs, portals, and wikis become common electronic dissemination methods for professionals, amateurs, and businesses to conduct knowledge management.
• Wikipedia began and grew rapidly, becoming the largest encyclopedia and most well known wiki in the world.
• DVDs, and subsequently HD-DVDs and Blu-ray discs, replace VCR technology as the common standard at video stores, but there are an exception to the fact that some VCR technology still appears and various thrift shops and discount stores, along with many other independent markets.
• Due to the major success of broadband Internet connections, Voice over IP begins to gain popularity as a replacement for traditional telephone lines. Major telecommunications carriers begin converting their networks from TDM to VoIP.
• Wireless networks are becoming ever more commonplace in homes, education institutes and urban public spaces.
• Corrective eye surgery becomes popular as costs and potential risk decreases and results further improve.
• OLED (Organic light-emitting diode) technology revolutionizes display technology, making it possible to "print" screens on everyday objects.
• GPS (Global Positioning System) becomes very popular especially in the tracking of items or people, and the use in cars. Games that utilize the system, such as geocaching, emerge and become popular.
• RFID (Radio Frequency ID) becomes widely used in retail giants such as Wal-Mart, as a way to track items and automate stocking and keeping track of items.
• DVRs (Digital Video Recorders), typified by TiVo, allow consumers to modify content they watch on TV, and to record TV programs and watch them later, leading to problems as consumers can fast-forward through commercials, making them useless and saving TV show for later viewing, causing a downfall of TV viewing.
• Self-serve kiosks become very widely available, used for all kinds of shopping, airplane boarding passes, hotel check-ins, fast food, banking, and car rental. ATMs become nearly universal in much of the First World and very common even in poorer countries and their rural areas.
• Internet usage surpasses TV viewing in 2004. Satellite TV loses its ratings as network television ratings gradually increase.
• Emerging use of robotics, especially telerobotics in medicine, particularly for surgery.
• Many more computers and other technologies incorporated into vehicles such as Xenon HID headlights, GPS, DVD players, self-diagnosing systems, advanced pre-collision safety systems, memory systems for car settings, back-up sensors and cameras, in-car media systems, MP3 player compatibility, USB drive compatibility, keyless start and entry, satellite radio, voice-activation, cellphone connectivity, adaptive headlights, HUD (Head-Up-Display), infrared cameras, and Onstar (on GM models).
• Peer-to-peer technology use: internet telephony (Skype), file-sharing.
• The entire videogame industry's profits surpassed the movie industry's in 2004.
• The tech bubble burst for the most part in late 2000 and after three years of negative growth the market began its rebound in 2003 and has continued to see moderate growth through 2006.
• Videophones are cheap and abundant, yet even by mid-decade, they had not received much attention.
• Most cellphone carriers offer video viewing services, internet services, and some offer full music downloads, such as Sprint in 2005. This leads to an almost saturation of cell phone ownership among the public and a sharp decline in the use and locations of payphones.
• Home automation and home robotics advance in North America; iRobot's "Roomba" is the most successful domestic robot and has sold 1.5 million units. (Others of interest include: Robomower, and Scooba as of May 2006)
• Photovoltaics increase in popularity
• Smartboards in schools gain acceptance and are adopted rapidly during the middle years of the decade.
• An increase in online DVD rental services such as Netflix.

[edit] Science

• Astrophysicists studying the universe confirm its age at 13.7 billion years, discover that it will most likely expand forever without limit, and conclude that only 4% of the universe's contents are ordinary matter (the other 96% being still-mysterious dark matter and dark energy).
• The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Mission successfully reached the surface of Mars, and sent detailed data and images of the landscape there back to Earth.Whilst NASA's original mission timeline of 3 months was wrongly speculated, the Mission was overall tremendously successful in the long term, as the MER Mission continues til this day, lasting more than 3x the projected length.
• The Human Genome Project was completed. (2000)
• SpaceshipOne made the first privately-funded human spaceflight. (June 21, 2004)
• National Geographic and IBM fund a research project which traces every living human down to a "Scientific Adam". Human Genealogy Project. (See The Genographic Project)
• Controversy over Intelligent design theory, of which opponents claim is simply disguised Creationism and proponents claim is valid scientific theory. The vast majority of scientists, a number of moderate religious groups, and many citizens of European, and American countries, do not consider intelligent design to be valid theory.
• On July 29, 2005 the discovery of Eris, a Kuiper Belt object larger than Pluto, is announced. In August 2006 Pluto is demoted to a "dwarf planet" after being considered a planet for 76 years. Other "dwarf planets" in our solar system now include Ceres and Eris.
• Space tourism/Private spaceflight begins with American Dennis Tito, paying Russia $20 million USD for a week long stay to the International Space Station.
• The first robotic vehicle completes the DARPA Grand Challenge in 2005 and becomes the first vehicle to be able to navigate itself with no external interference.
• The Voyager I spacecraft entered the heliosheath, marking its departure from our solar system.

[edit] Culture and religion

• The vast proliferation of information technology and digital media leads to many cultural paradigm shifts as people grapple with information overload. Millennials (Generation Y) are commonly thought of as adept at, or even socially dependent on, these technological developments.
• Reality television becomes a well-established sector of the television programming industry for most of the early 2000s, switching to more traditional programming starting in the year 2004. Nightly news broadcasts continue to lose viewership to 24-hour internet and cable news broadcasts. Changing television habits that involve increased use of the internet, telephone, and video games and the preponderance of TiVo make marketers rethink the paradigm of the 30-second TV ad. Viral marketing, and product placement within reality television shows and movies are some increasingly used alternatives. Spam is used as an alternative, irritating many.
• European, Japanese, Australian and New Zealand's society continues to become more secular; in contrast, religious groups increase their political influence in the Middle East.
• The divisive US presidential elections of 2000 and 2004 leads to commentators describing the country as split between Red States and Blue States.
• April 2, 2005: Pope John Paul II dies at age 84; succeeded by Pope Benedict XVI on April 19.
• Same-sex marriage becomes a major cultural issue in developed countries. In 2001, the Netherlands becomes the first country to allow homosexual couples to wed. This is followed by Belgium in 2003, and by Canada, Spain, New Zealand, and South Africa in 2005. Many countries now permit civil unions or a variation of them, which often allow exactly the same rights as marriage (Germany, France, Great Britain, Sweden, New Zealand, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Luxembourg, Finland, Slovenia, Switzerland, Czech Republic). In 2004, homosexual marriage, previously banned throughout the United States (sometimes by explicit mention in statute, other times by omission in statute), becomes legalized in Massachusetts, the first state to do so.
• Marijuana legalization a topic in US, from medicinal marijuana receiving decriminalization in California to the city of Denver, Colorado legalizing the possession of up to an ounce of marijuana.
• In the United States, DIY alternative culture is facilitated by the internet and spreads local chapters of national confederations of all-female roller derby, lucha libre wrestling, Flicker Film Festivals, improvisational brass and marching bands, and DJs.
• There is an increased awareness of global poverty through campaigns such as ONE.

[edit] Other

• 2002–2003: SARS virus outbreak, most notably in Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Singapore and Toronto.
• In August 2003 over 18,000 French die in a heat wave coinciding with the summer holidays when the bulk of France's medical and aged care staff are off-duty. Other spikes in mortality amongst the aged and infirm occur across Europe.
• February 1, 2003: The Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates over Texas upon reentry, killing all seven astronauts onboard, prompting investigation into NASA communication abilities and safety. Space shuttle flight resumes in late 2005, only to be suspended again.
• In 2003, a major earthquake rocks the ancient city of Bam, in Iran. Cost over 50,000 lives.
• On December 26, 2004, a major earthquake and ensuing tsunami causes devastation in Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, The Maldives and many other areas around the rim of the Indian Ocean. As of January 2005 the death toll is estimated to be nearly 290,000, prompting the largest humanitarian response for a natural disaster in history.
• Methamphetamine use skyrockets while crime rates in the U.S. reach the lowest rate in 40 years as of 2005 and use of most other drugs drops.
• Extended alcohol sales becomes popular public policy in US and UK.
• Underage consumption of alcohol under supervision of a parent or legal guardian is legalized in many states in the US in early 2005.
• Bird flu spreads through South East Asia; countries begin preparing for a potential bird flu epidemic, fearing that it could mutate into a form that could transfer easily from person to person and kill millions of people. Bird flu spreads rapidly into Europe in October 2005.
• Criticism of Vladimir Putin's governmental policies and reforms mount and a backlash of Soviet-nostalgia occurs in Russia.
• On August 29, 2005 Hurricane Katrina strikes southeastern Louisiana, U.S., with winds up to 125 mph, killing more than 1,400 people and devastating the city New Orleans and the Mississippi coast, making this hurricane one of the costliest hurricanes in known World History. People and life later return to New Orleans, but many analysts expect that New Orleans will never return to its prior state.
• A major earthquake in Kashmir kills close to 80,000 people on October 8, 2005, devastating Kashmir and forcing the mass evacuation of mountain towns as winter approaches.
• Arctic sea ice cover reaches record lows; global warming continues to be a major concern. (see environmentalism)
• The 2005 Atlantic Basin Hurricane Season becomes the most active on record. First use of the Greek naming system after traditional names exhausted.
• Martha Stewart was sentenced to 5 months in prison and 2 years probation after 'insider trading' of her ImClone Systems stock.

[edit] Trends and fashion

[edit] Fashion

Main article: 2000s in American Fashion

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• Fashion becomes less grungy and more excessive.
• The wearing of thongs among young woman, popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s, becomes less popular by 2005. Less revealing undergarments, such as boyshorts, make a comeback.
• The center of the lower back becomes a common placement for tattoos among young women.
• The "Baggy Jeans" craze of the 1990s (mostly with young males) remains commonplace in the beginning part of the decade, but becomes less popular circa 2002. Tighter fitting jeans become more popular and mainstream.
• Longer hair among young males becomes much more mainstream, and is no longer considered just a "skater"/alternative look.
• 1980s fashion revival: For girls and women large/chunky jewellery, originally popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, return to style circa 2002. Leggings worn with shirts and/or mini-skirt became a trend circa 2005. Upturned collars on tennis shirts become popular among the youth as well. Some boys begin to wear pink, and the mohawk makes a comeback, becoming more mainstream and less of an alternative trend, as it was during the 1990s. Wearing high-heeled boots, specifically tucking one's slacks into them, becomes a popular trend among young women. Layered clothing becomes popular, especially with women's shirts; ruffled skirts also become a trend.
• Pinstriped button up shirts, striped polo shirts over T-shirts, blazers, and layers of brightly colored sweaters are popular styles of fashion among young males. The trend was made popular by artists such as Usher and Kanye West in the mid 2000s. This look may be considered being an alternative form of the "prep" look
• While straight hair on women still remains fashionable in the 2000s, as it did in the 1990s, wavy and curly hair becomes more widely accepted (especially in the mid-2000s).
• Trucker hats, usually made by the Von Dutch company and commonly worn by celebrities such as Ashton Kutcher, become popular in 2003. The trend, however, falls out of favor circa 2005.
• Ugg boots, a boot commonly made with sheepskin in Australia and New Zealand, become popular and fashionable in 2003.
• Wearing baseball caps backwards, common during the 1990s, becomes less prevalent, with many wearing them sideways or forwards.
• The Bohemian look, popularized by celebrities such as Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen and Lindsay Lohan in the mid 2000s, becomes mainsream.
• Fad diets such as Atkins and low carb diets are popular during the early '00s, but fall out of favor circa 2004 in favor of diets heavy in whole grain foods.
• Slang words and catch phrases used often in 2000s America include "retarded", "gay", "crunk", "wanksta", "whateva", "totally", "bringing SexyBack", "seriously", "tight", "snap", "Git-R-Done", "hell yeah", "sick", "sweet", "beyotch", "you're fired","straight", "pwnage", "emo", "noob", "Über", "leet", and "word up". Many of them have roots from the 1980s and 1990s, such as the word "totally". 1990s hip-hop slang such as the words "yo", "da bomb", "homie", and "chill" still remains popular in the middle 2000s. A lot of slang from gaming and the internet that were less well-known become popular, such as "Noob", "Pwn" and "Owned". Also, Internet slang becomes more mainstream and even more popular across the Internet as use of social networking sites and instant messaging grows dramatically. These include "omg", "brb", "lol", "rotflol", "wtf?", Leetspeak, and their variants, as well as abbreviations for many different phrases.
• Owning or having a cell phone becomes prevalent among teenagers and preteens from many different economic and social classes as opposed to the 1980s and 1990s, when they were seen mainly as a symbol of someone with great wealth. Payphone use decline dramatically because of this.
• MP3 players, particularly the iPod (introduced in 2001), become very common as they become more powerful and easier to use. By 2006, over 1 billion songs had been downloaded by customers onto their iPods using Apple's music management software iTunes and the iTunes Music Store.
• Generation Y supplants Gen X as current youth generation.
• Poker becomes a craze, as many Americans are enticed by online poker rooms and games with their friends and neighbors. The World Series of Poker aired on ESPN becomes a huge success.

[edit] Europe

• In Eastern Germany and other ex-Communist countries there was for a short time a growth in nostalgia for former Communist times (Ostalgie) (2002).
• Because of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and the politics of U.S. president George W. Bush, there has been a surge of anti-Americanism, especially in Western Europe.
• From early in the decade, mobile phones are largely seen as a necessary accessory, even for the majority of children as young as 10 years old. Ownership approaches 100% of the population in most Western European countries.
• Fashion and cosmetic surgery become more mainstream; an increase in interest is most notable in men, influenced by fashion-conscious "celebrities" such as David Beckham.
• Chav culture in the United Kingdom becomes a significant fashion/lifestyle choice, especially amongst those in the working class.
• Formal wear such as sun dresses and evening gowns become more popular amongst the younger generations in Europe, especially in the latter part of the decade.
• Clothing origially from the 1980s become popular, including chunky plastic jewellary, leggings (known as footless tights), ankle boots, legwarmers, 50s colours and patterns (like polka dots) and stilettoes.

[edit] Music

[edit] United States and Canada

• Hip-Hop is the most popular musical genre with the youth, replacing rock and roll. Artists such as Kanye West, Outkast, Lil Jon, 50 Cent, Nelly, and Eminem were the dominant hip-hop artists that defined the hip-hop genre in this decade thus far. Also Eminem looks set to become the best selling music artist of the decade selling around 80 million albums by the end of 2006. Distinct regional differences also developed outside the hip-hop/rap strongholds of the 90s, New York City and Los Angeles; while the southern scenes, particularly Atlanta, emerged "crunk" hip-hop, the upper midwest, especially Chicago and Detroit became nationally recognized scenes for more socially conscious hip hop/rap artists, such as Kanye West, Eminem, Lupe Fiasco, and Common.^{[citation needed]}
• Rock has remained highly popular, despite the increasing popularity of hip-hop and rap music. The most popular style of rock music early in the decade (and also during the late 1990s) was nu metal, featuring acts such as Linkin Park, Limp Bizkit, KoЯn, and Papa Roach, among others. Another style of popular music early on in the decade was pop-punk music, led by groups such as blink-182, Good Charlotte, Simple Plan, Sum 41 and Yellowcard. In the alternative rock/indie rock scene, there has been garage rock revival occurring with artists such as The White Stripes, The Strokes, The Hives, The Vines, and Jet. Around 2002, nu metal's popularity was greatly waning (although it still has a large presence on mainstream rock radio) and pop punk music was becoming more mature, mainly signified with Blink-182's self-titled album and Green Day's American Idiot. These two trends contributed to the rise of emo music as one of the most popular forms of rock music among youth in the 2000s. Some emo bands that broke out into the mainstream are My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy, Panic! At The Disco, Taking Back Sunday, and Hawthorne Heights. In the metal world, a new form of metal that fused heavy metal and thrash with hardcore punk called metalcore achieved popularity. Bands such as Avenged Sevenfold, Atreyu, Killswitch Engage, As I Lay Dying, Trivium, and many others achieved success with the Ozzfest crowd. In the alternative rock/indie rock world, a post-punk revival led by acts such as Franz Ferdinand, The Killers, the Arctic Monkeys, and Bloc Party took place, although some of these acts were much more popular on the other side of the pond. Throughout the decade, the post-grunge sound remained popular on adult alternative, modern rock, and pop radio stations alike. Artists such as Nickelback, Seether, the Foo Fighters, Staind, and Shinedown all enjoyed much mainstream success and hits throughout the decade, due to their very radio accessible sound. Many popular rock artists of the 90s remained popular, and some even gained more popularity throughout the decade, such as Green Day, the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Foo Fighters, Tool, and Weezer. Alternative metal also rose as one of the most popular rock genres of the decade with such artists as System of a Down, Three Days Grace, Godsmack, and Disturbed. Evanescence also brought gothic rock to the mainstream with dark and edgy yet mainstream-friendly sounds. Alternative rock remained popular with such emerging bands as 3 Doors Down, Lifehouse, Switchfoot, and Death Cab for Cutie. Rock supergroups mixing hard rock and alternative rock stylings, such as Velvet Revolver and Audioslave also made a big impact on the music scene. Additionally, pioneering rock artists such as Aerosmith, Bon Jovi, The Rolling Stones, and U2 continue to make waves in the music industry and maintain substantial followings, releasing successful and innovative albums and hit singles, and launching record-breaking world tours year after year.

• Pop. Some styles of the 1990s remain strong and even trendy, except for a few such as the girl and boy bands/teen pop of the late '90s that declined in popularity during the early part of the '00s. Most of this can be attributed to the criticism of the genre's "fakeness" and "shallowness" and the growing up of its fanbase. Several artists of the era (i.e. Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Justin Timberlake, Jessica Simpson) still maintain a strong presence on the charts and in the media. The teen pop genre morphed into a more adult-alternative or pop-rock oriented sound early on in the decade. In 2002, this new "teen pop rock" movement began. Michelle Branch was arguably the first artist to take this new direction in pop music, with her contemporaries such as Avril Lavigne and Vanessa Carlton not far behind. Soon, every female vocalist had to have a band backing their vocals up instead of processed computer beats. American Idol winners become a big part of the American pop sound, but only one winner became a staple. Kelly Clarkson experienced huge success and tons of hit radio singles with her pop-rock sound. The younger sibling of Jessica Simpson, Ashlee Simpson, experienced a breakthrough success with her teen pop-rock sound as well. Ashlee's then boyfriend, Ryan Cabrera had some big hit singles and made teen girls swoon. "Disney Channel" artists such as Hilary Duff, Lindsay Lohan, Aly & AJ, The Veronicas, The Cheetah Girls, B5 and Jesse McCartney who have a teen pop-rock sound became popular during the middle part of the decade, arguably keeping the teen pop era alive within the niche of children and teens who watch such networks. Circa mid to late 2000s genres are merging more and more and it's the songs that combine hip-hop/pop/r&b/dance (for example Promiscuous (song), SexyBack, SOS (Rihanna song), My Love, London Bridge (Fergie song), Show Stopper, Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song), Buttons (song)) that are topping the charts. Older songs tht reflect this style of music is Thong Song and Bump Bump Bump.

• R&B continues to be popular. Artist such as Usher, Justin Timberlake, Beyonce, Mariah Carey and Alicia Keys are all popular mainstream R&B artist in the 2000s. The style is sometimes fueled by combination with Rap or hip-hop beats. Pop R&B, along with Hip Hop, dominates mainstream music in the earlier part of the mid '00s. Neo-soul is also popular during the early part of the decade.

• Pop country slips in mainstream popularity in the early 2000s, due partly to the public retirement of Garth Brooks. However, the upper part of the Billboard album charts generally has many country albums, including some that go more than double platinum, indicating that the genre has a strong niche in the music industry. The genre grows during the mid 2000s from artists such as Carrie Underwood, who became the first American Idol winner to go into country instead of Pop or R&B. Artists that were popular during the decade were mostly artists who were already successful in the 90s, but the artists include: Dixie Chicks, Toby Keith, Gretchen Wilson, Tim McGraw, Faith Hill, and Kenny Chesney among others.

• Adult Contemporary music, by artists such as Norah Jones, Vanessa Carlton, Natasha Bedingfield, Nick Lachey, Rob Thomas, James Blunt, and Daniel Powter continues to be popular.

• Dance music (house, techno, trance, drum 'n' bass) becomes mainstream in America. Dance artists such as Madonna and Kylie Minogue continue to become popular throughout the decade. Many dance remixes of past euro-dance or balad hits from the past appear between 2004-2006 such as the 2004 hit Call On Me by Eric Prydz, Fading Like A Flower by Dancing Deejays or Everywhere from Bonnie Bailey. These past hits have been enchanced with modern beats to be able to fit in mainstreem and also to be played in parties and night clubs.

• Ethnic music, especially in near tropical locations is mainstream for most of the early to mid '00s, especially in the rise of Reggaeton and Reggae artist Sean Paul in the mid-2000s. In 2005-2006 Diplo brings Baile Funk to mainstream dance culture from Brazil.

• Sales of CDs in 2005 in the U.S. decline drastically from the teen-pop era of the late 1990s-early 2000s. Some people who grew up listening to 1970s, 1980s, or even 1990s music claim the music industry is going for a younger audience in the 2000s that it has in decades past which might be leading to this drop in record sales. However, music industry executives claim the drop in CD sales is due to mp3 players (such as the iPod), and increasing popularity and access to music online such as the use of Napster.

• The musical style of the 1970s and 1980s begins to influence pop music in the middle of the decade, as seen in Rihanna's hit S.O.S. (a sampling of Soft Cell's "Tainted Love), as well as in Jessica Simpson's album A Public Affair, which is a mix of 1970s-influenced music (A Public Affair (song)) and 1980s music (Simpson's cover of You Spin Me Round (Like a Record))

[edit] Europe

• Rise in Electronica of 1990s style, such as trance and drum 'n' bass
• Electro, as well as music that combines it with House becomes mainstream in the dance music scene in the middle of the decade, replacing the mainstream of more jazzy and Latin influenced sounds from the beginning of the decade
• Post-Britpop bands such as Coldplay, Keane and Snow Patrol top the album charts during the decade.
• Boybands do not exactly die out, but they evolve into teen pop-rock/pop punk acts, with artists such as Busted and McFly
• Animated musicians become popular, with the likes of Crazy Frog, Gorillaz, and Schnappi, das Kleine Krokodil.
• Return of indie rock groups evoking the late 1970s or 1980s, such as Franz Ferdinand and the Kaiser Chiefs.
• English band Arctic Monkeys, in late 2005/early 2006, take over Britain, gaining prominence through Internet file-sharing. Their debut album Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not shot to the top of the British charts, becoming the fastest selling debut album of all time in the UK. Their first two singles, "I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor" and "When the Sun Goes Down", shoot to the top of the singles charts. "Leave Before The Lights Come On" also becomes a top 5 hit.
• In Germany, music sung in German becomes more mainstream as bands such as Wir Sind Helden, Es ist Juli, Rosenstolz and Silbermond become popular.
• Teen pop such as Hilary Duff, Aly & AJ, and the Backstreet Boys continues to be popular, although US-influenced R&B, hip-hop, and emo music is popular during the middle of the decade.

[edit] Australia and New Zealand

• Many new rock and alternative groups/bands form during the early years of this decade, consisting of 2 or 3 - 7 to 10 members. Instruments are almost always a guitar, drums, bass and sometimes keyboards, reviving youth interest in these instruments. Groups/bands such as The Vines and Jet become very popular amongst others around 2002 - 2003, paving the way for a mass of new groups midway through the decade such as, Evermore, Wolfmother and many others. This is speculated to result in a major breakthrough of the genre in Australia later in the decade similar to the grunge scene in the United States in the early 90s.

• Rock and Hip Hop remain the most popular music genre amongst youth in Australia and New Zealand, particularly Hip Hop, Rap and R&B, although later in the decade these genres lose favour to rock and alternative.

• Pop and Rock remain the most widely played genre's on mainstream radio stations. Most popular being the likes of the Australian Idol contestants, Delta Goodrem and The Veronicas

• Podcasting becomes popular in the later years of this decade with many radio stations podcasting several sections of their shows.

• Bands such as The Living End become increasingly popular amongst a new generation of youth, spurring interest in a sort of punk style revival.

• Popular American television show, The O.C., popularises many alternative Australian and New Zealand alternative rock bands by playing their music during the show. These bands include, Youth Group and Evermore.

[edit] Latin America/Caribbean

• Rise of reggaeton hip hop, and Bachata music

[edit] Far East

• J-pop and K-pop becomes increasingly influenced by hip hop music and R&B.
• The Chinese metal scene is disrupted by the SARS scare in 2003.

[edit] Film

• The The Lord of the Rings trilogy and King Kong (both by New Zealand director Peter Jackson), Harry Potter, comic book movies, and the new Star Wars movie sagas dominate the box office. The high profitability of these films arguably has much to do with the lack of investment and quality in newer and more original films in the 2000s as opposed to decades like the 1980s and 1990s.
• In the USA:
  • Movie remakes and sequels hit an all-time high, in contrast to purely original scripts. Also, many movies based on old TV shows and novels become more popular in Hollywood.
  • Depressed ticket sales throughout the decade due to general lack of quality films and decline of the general moviegoing experience, as movie theaters keep ticket prices high and increase the duration of advertisements before movies, in some cases going as long as 30 minutes. Other trends emerge, such as the decreasing cost and increasing size of quality home theater displays along with the availability mail-based movie rental services, most notably Netflix, which offered an unlimited number of DVD rentals for a fixed price per month. Movie executives attempted to place some of the blame on online piracy due to the advent of BitTorrent, however its effect has been disputed, as some claim that those who download these movies would not have paid to see them in the first place.^{[citation needed]}
  • The Matrix becomes an influence on special effect styles (ie: 'bullet-time', dramatic effects in slow motion).
  • "R" rated films are released at their lowest prevalence since the 1960s, reflecting a post-Columbine American society which increasingly lacks tolerance of violent films. While certain exceptions such as Kill Bill are made in protest of this development and in tribute to the overly violent kung-fu and action films of the 1970s, most action films of the 2000s are largely bloodless.
  • East Hollywood High School in Utah becomes the first public film-oriented charter high school in the world.^{[citation needed]}
  • X-Men sparks the "Comic Book Movie Age." Many big-budget adaptations of various comic book characters are made, primarily by Marvel Comics and DC Comics. Some of these comic-book movies, aside from X-Men, include X2: X-Men United, X-Men: The Last Stand, Spider-Man, Spider-Man 2, The Fantastic Four, Batman Begins, V for Vendetta, Superman Returns, and the upcoming Spider-Man 3.
  • 'Reboots' of long running or successful film franchises such as the Batman (Batman Begins), Superman (Superman Returns), and the James Bond (Casino Royale) series become popular.
  • Independent films start to emerge as a more popular medium. Major film corporations had or created independent divisions, such as Fox Searchlight and Warner Independent, which saw the popularity of independent (Garden State, Napoleon Dynamite) as well as art-house and foreign film increase.
  • Pixar produces hit movies such as Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, and Monsters Inc., continuing a trend started in 1995 with Toy Story. Both Finding Nemo and The Incredibles win the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and The Incredibles also wins the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing.
  • DreamWorks Animation has hits with Shrek, Shrek 2 (which becomes the highest-grossing animated movie of all time in North America), Shark Tale, and Madagascar.
  • Disney abandons traditional 2D animation altogether in 2005, with Home on the Range being the last Disney movie with any 2D animation. Disney releases two non-Pixar-produced 3D films (Valiant in the US and Chicken Little) in 2005. Also, in 2006, Pixar became a part of Disney, furthering the company's transition into the 3D era, although a return to two-dimensional animation films may not be out of the question under the studio's new management.
  • Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, become huge hits for Disney live-action movies. The sequel to the former has already premiered and a third movie is on its way.
  • Brokeback Mountain, a movie about two gay cowboys, is considered controversial by some conservative Americans. Director Ang Lee receives Academy Award in 2006. Many parodies appeared on the Internet during early 2006.
  • The Napoleon Dynamite craze starts, with "Vote for Pedro" shirts becoming a hot commodity in 2005 and thousands of items relating to the film being sold rapidly. This launched Jon Heder's career as an actor.
  • Several documentaries are given widespread cinema release: examples are Fahrenheit 9/11, Super Size Me, and March of the Penguins.
  • The increasing popularity and affordability of digital video equipment and computer-based editing software contributes to a boom in micro-budget, independent filmmaking. Hit movies like Super-Size Me and Open Water are shot on shoestring budgets with relatively inexpensive digital camcorders.

• In Japan:
  • Spirited Away is the first anime movie to win an oscar.

• In Europe:
  • Huge growth and popularity over world cinema, films such as Good Bye Lenin!, Être et avoir, and Downfall become success stories.
  • British cinema undergoes a resurgence, with British box-office takings bucking a general downward trend in ticket sales.

• The Academy Awards: In the 2000s, "indies" completely dominate nominations. Actresses win awards for playing "de-glam" roles, often women dealing with serious and deep personal issues, like sexuality, (Nicole Kidman, Charlize Theron, Felicity Huffman).

[edit] Internet

• The Internet becomes a major source of all types of media, from music to movies, thanks to file-sharing P2P programs such as KaZaA and Limewire. The debate continues over the ethics of file-sharing.
• As people become more used to the Internet during this decade it begins to be spelled lower-cased, called simply "the internet" or "internet" as opposed to "Internet" or "The Internet" which were used almost exclusively during the 1990s. Similarly "E-mail" became "email" and "Web sites" became "websites".
• The diverse and spontaneous nature of the internet allows an internet culture to form. Online projects such as hamsterdance, YTMND and Homestar Runner become international trends within short periods of time due to word of mouth on and off the web, with little or no promotion required from their creators. Internet phenomena and jokes spread quickly through out mainstream internet and sometimes off-internet culture from sources such as the Something Awful Forums, 4chan, and Albino Blacksheep. (A good example of this would be Chuck Norris Facts.) Some music acts, such as Arctic Monkeys became well-known almost entirely from the use of the internet.
• Legal music download services such as iTunes and the re-designed Napster open up a new market of digital downloading. Napster, even its current version, becomes the number one music swapping enterprise of all time.
• Popular video shorts of the 2000s include Star Wars Gangsta Rap, D.R.A.F.T., and the SNL skit Lazy Sunday, which was controversially removed from YouTube in early 2006.
• The film Snakes on a Plane, starring Samuel L. Jackson, becomes an Internet phenomenon prior its August 18, 2006 release.
• Television and Internet begin to merge as networks start streaming shows online.
• Craigslist.org, a popular online classified site, saps over 50 million dollars a year from newspaper revenues, with a staff of only 16 people in San Francisco.
• Cell phones gain the ability to access the Internet.
• Voice-Over-Internet-Protocol(VoIP) telephones and the Internet slowly begin to merge: Examples are Vonage and Skype.
• Webcomics by amateur cartoonists begin to surpass the popularity of traditional print comic books and newspaper strips. Flash movies also become popular.
• Re-cut trailers become popular in the mid-2000s, largely due to the many parody trailers of Brokeback Mountain during the 2005-2006 winter. Popular examples include "Brokeback to the Future", , and the Sleepless in Seattle trailer cut into a horror movie.
• Social networking programs such as Myspace, Xanga, Facebook, Friendster, and MyYearbook become extremely popular among teens and twenty-somethings inspiring others to share and trade personal information via online. These sites, in particular Myspace skyrocketed in popularity since the late 1990s, especially around the year 1998 and are criticized by many for safety concerns such as their use by pedophiles to exploit the younger generations. MySpace seems to be improving in safety and security as the decade progresses.
• Informational and educational web sites abruptly decline as the internet becomes more of a place for advertising and other types of media, such as the use of such chat boards including MySpace and Facebook.
• The interactivity of the internet becomes more prominent with websites such as Wikipedia, YouTube and somewhat MySpace where users can become contributors without a specialized knowledge in