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Contents 1 Dates of Sessions 2 Major events 3 Major legislation 4 Party summary 4.1 Senate 4.2 House of Representatives 5 Leadership 5.1 Senate 5.2 House of Representatives 6 Party Leadership 6.1 Senate 6.2 House of Representatives 7 Members 7.1 Senate 7.1.1 Alabama 7.1.2 Arkansas 7.1.3 California 7.1.4 Colorado 7.1.5 Connecticut 7.1.6 Delaware 7.1.7 Florida 7.1.8 Georgia 7.1.9 Idaho 7.1.10 Illinois 7.1.11 Indiana 7.1.12 Iowa 7.1.13 Kansas 7.1.14 Kentucky 7.1.15 Louisiana 7.1.16 Maine 7.1.17 Maryland 7.1.18 Massachusetts 7.1.19 Michigan 7.1.20 Minnesota 7.1.21 Mississippi 7.1.22 Missouri 7.1.23 Montana 7.1.24 Nebraska 7.1.25 Nevada 7.1.26 New Hampshire 7.1.27 New Jersey 7.1.28 New York 7.1.29 North Carolina 7.1.30 North Dakota 7.1.31 Ohio 7.1.32 Oregon 7.1.33 Pennsylvania 7.1.34 Rhode Island 7.1.35 South Carolina 7.1.36 South Dakota 7.1.37 Tennessee 7.1.38 Texas 7.1.39 Utah 7.1.40 Vermont 7.1.41 Virginia 7.1.42 Washington 7.1.43 West Virginia 7.1.44 Wisconsin 7.1.45 Wyoming 7.2 House of Representatives 7.2.1 Alabama 7.2.2 Arkansas 7.2.3 California 7.2.4 Colorado 7.2.5 Connecticut 7.2.6 Delaware 7.2.7 Florida 7.2.8 Georgia 7.2.9 Idaho 7.2.10 Illinois 7.2.11 Indiana 7.2.12 Iowa 7.2.13 Kansas 7.2.14 Kentucky 7.2.15 Louisiana 7.2.16 Maine 7.2.17 Maryland 7.2.18 Massachusetts 7.2.19 Michigan 7.2.20 Minnesota 7.2.21 Mississippi 7.2.22 Missouri 7.2.23 Montana 7.2.24 Nebraska 7.2.25 Nevada 7.2.26 New Hampshire 7.2.27 New Jersey 7.2.28 New York 7.2.29 North Carolina 7.2.30 North Dakota 7.2.31 Ohio 7.2.32 Oregon 7.2.33 Pennsylvania 7.2.34 Rhode Island 7.2.35 South Carolina 7.2.36 South Dakota 7.2.37 Tennessee 7.2.38 Texas 7.2.39 Utah 7.2.40 Vermont 7.2.41 Virginia 7.2.42 Washington 7.2.43 West Virginia 7.2.44 Wisconsin 7.2.45 Wyoming 7.3 Delegates 7.3.1 Arizona Territory 7.3.2 New Mexico Territory 7.3.3 Oklahoma Territory 7.3.4 Utah Territory 8 Membership Changes 8.1 Senate 8.2 House of Representatives 9 Officers 9.1 Senate 9.2 House of Representatives 9.3 Other 10 References

The Fifty-fourth United States Congress was a meeting of the United States national legislature, comprised of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from March 4, 1895 to March 3, 1897, during the last two years of the second administration of U.S. President Grover Cleveland.

The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Tenth Census of the United States in 1890. Both chambers had a Republican majority.

[edit] Dates of Sessions

March 4, 1895–March 3, 1895

• First session: December 2, 1895 - June 11, 1896
• Second session: December 7, 1896 - March 3, 1897 — a lame duck session

Previous congress: 53rd Congress
Next congress: 55th Congress

[edit] Major events

Main article: Events of 1895; Events of 1896; Events of 1897

[edit] Major legislation

Main article: List of United States federal legislation in the Fifty-fourth Congress

[edit] Party summary

[edit] Senate

• Republicans: 44
• Democrats: 40
• Populists: 4
• Silver Republican Party: 2

TOTAL members: 90

[edit] House of Representatives

• Republicans: 254
• Democrats: 93
• Populists: 9
• Silver Republican Party: 1

TOTAL members: 357, delegates: 4

[edit] Leadership

[edit] Senate

• President of the Senate:
  • Adlai E. Stevenson, Democratic of Illinois
• President Pro Tempore of the Senate:
  • William Pierce Frye, Republican of Maine, elected March 4, 1897.

[edit] House of Representatives

• Speaker of the House:
  • Thomas B. Reed, Republican of Maine, elected December 2, 1895.

[edit] Party Leadership

[edit] Senate

• Democratic Caucus Chairman:
  • Arthur P. Gorman, Democratic of Maryland
• Republican Conference Chairman:
  • John Sherman, Republican of Ohio

[edit] House of Representatives

• Democratic Caucus Chairman:
  • David Browning Culberson, Democratic of Texas
• Republican Conference Chairman:
  • Charles Henry Grosvenor, Republican of Ohio

[edit] Members

At this time, Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six year terms with each Congress. Nearly all of the members of the House of Representatives were elected to single member districts, by popular vote.

See also: Fifty-fourth United States Congress - State Delegations

See also: Fifty-fourth United States Congress - Political Parties

See also: United States House election, 1894

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Also listed at the end are the delegates from the then-existing organized territories.

[edit] Senate

[edit] Alabama

• John T. Morgan (1824-1907), Democratic
• James L. Pugh (1820-1907), Democratic

[edit] Arkansas

• James K. Jones (1839-1908), Democratic
• James H. Berry (1841-1913), Democratic

[edit] California

• Stephen M. White (1853-1901), Democratic
• George C. Perkins (1839-1923), Republican

[edit] Colorado

• Henry M. Teller (1830-1914), Republican
• Edward O. Wolcott (1848-1905), Republican

[edit] Connecticut

• Orville H. Platt (1827-1905), Republican
• Joseph R. Hawley (1826-1905), Republican

[edit] Delaware

• George Gray (1840-1925), Democratic
• Richard R. Kenney (1856-1931), Democratic ...elected to fill vacancy, seated February 5, 1897.

[edit] Florida

• Wilkinson Call (1834-1910), Democratic
• Samuel Pasco (1834-1917), Democratic

[edit] Georgia

• John B. Gordon (1832-1904), Democratic
• Augustus O. Bacon (1839-1914), Democratic

[edit] Idaho

• George L. Shoup (1836-1904), Republican
• Fred T. Dubois (1851-1930), Republican

[edit] Illinois

• Shelby M. Cullom (1829-1914), Republican
• John McAuley Palmer (1817-1900), Democratic

[edit] Indiana

• Daniel W. Voorhees (1827-1897), Democratic
• David Turpie (1828-1909), Democratic

[edit] Iowa

• William B. Allison (1829-1908), Republican
• John H. Gear (1825-1900), Republican

[edit] Kansas

• William A. Peffer (1831-1912), Populist
• Lucien Baker (1846-1907), Republican

[edit] Kentucky

• Joseph C.S. Blackburn (1838-1918), Democratic
• William Lindsay (1835-1909), Democratic

[edit] Louisiana

• Donelson Caffery (1835-1906), Democratic
• Newton C. Blanchard (1849-1922), Democratic

[edit] Maine

• Eugene Hale (1836-1918), Republican
• William P. Frye (1830-1911), Republican

[edit] Maryland

• Arthur Pue Gorman (1839-1906), Democratic
• Charles H. Gibson (1842-1900), Democratic

[edit] Massachusetts

• George F. Hoar (1826-1904), Republican
• Henry Cabot Lodge (1850-1924), Republican

[edit] Michigan

• James McMillan (1838-1902), Republican
• Julius C. Burrows (1837-1915), Republican

[edit] Minnesota

• Cushman K. Davis (1838-1900), Republican
• Knute Nelson (1843-1923), Republican

[edit] Mississippi

• James Z. George (1826-1897), Democratic
• Edward C. Walthall (1831-1898), Democratic

[edit] Missouri

• Francis M. Cockrell (1834-1915), Democratic
• George G. Vest (1830-1904), Democratic

[edit] Montana

• Lee Mantle (1851-1934), Republican
• Thomas H. Carter (1854-1911), Republican

[edit] Nebraska

• William V. Allen (1847-1924), Populist
• John M. Thurston (1847-1916), Republican

[edit] Nevada

• John P. Jones (1829-1912), Silver Republican
• William M. Stewart (1827-1909), Silver Republican

[edit] New Hampshire

• William E. Chandler (1835-1917), Republican
• Jacob H. Gallinger (1837-1918), Republican

[edit] New Jersey

• James Smith, Jr. (1851-1927), Democratic
• William J. Sewell (1835-1901), Republican

[edit] New York

• David B. Hill (1843-1910), Democratic
• Edward Murphy, Jr. (1836-1911), Democratic

[edit] North Carolina

• Jeter C. Pritchard (1857-1921), Republican
• Marion Butler (1863-1938), Populist

[edit] North Dakota

• Henry C. Hansbrough (1848-1933), Republican
• William N. Roach (1840-1902), Democratic

[edit] Ohio

• John Sherman (1823-1900), Republican
• Calvin S. Brice (1845-1898), Democratic

[edit] Oregon

• John H. Mitchell (1835-1905), Republican
• George W. McBride (1854-1911), Republican

[edit] Pennsylvania

• J. Donald Cameron (1833-1918), Republican
• Matthew S. Quay (1833-1904), Republican

[edit] Rhode Island

• Nelson W. Aldrich (1841-1915), Republican
• George P. Wetmore (1846-1921), Republican

[edit] South Carolina

• John L.M. Irby (1854-1900), Democratic
• Benjamin R. Tillman (1847-1918), Democratic

[edit] South Dakota

• Richard F. Pettigrew (1848-1926), Republican
• James H. Kyle (1854-1901), Populist

[edit] Tennessee

• Isham G. Harris (1818-1897), Democratic
• William B. Bate (1826-1905), Democratic

[edit] Texas

• Roger Q. Mills (1832-1911), Democratic
• Horace Chilton (1853-1932), Democratic

[edit] Utah

• Frank J. Cannon (1859-1933), Republican ...new state, seated January 27, 1896.
• Arthur Brown (1843-1906), Republican ...new state, seated January 27, 1896.

[edit] Vermont

• Justin S. Morrill (1810-1898), Republican
• Redfield Proctor (1831-1908), Republican

[edit] Virginia

• John W. Daniel (1842-1910), Democratic
• Thomas S. Martin (1847-1919), Democratic

[edit] Washington

• Watson C. Squire (1838-1926), Republican
• John L. Wilson (1850-1912), Republican

[edit] West Virginia

• Charles J. Faulkner (1847-1929), Democratic
• Stephen B. Elkins (1841-1911), Republican

[edit] Wisconsin

• William F. Vilas (1840-1908), Democratic
• John L. Mitchell (1842-1904), Democratic

[edit] Wyoming

• Clarence D. Clark (1851-1930), Republican
• Francis E. Warren (1844-1929), Republican

[edit] House of Representatives

[edit] Alabama

• 1. Richard H. Clarke (1843-1906), Democratic
• 2. Jesse F. Stallings (1856-1928), Democratic
• 3. George P. Harrison (1841-1922), Democratic
• 4. Gaston A. Robbins (1858-1902), Democratic ...contested election, served until March 13, 1896.

  William F. Aldrich (1853-1925), Republican ...contested election, seated March 13, 1896.

• 5. James E. Cobb (1835-1903), Democratic …contested election, served until April 21, 1896.

  Albert T. Goodwyn (1842-1931), Populist ...contested election, seated April 22, 1896.

• 6. John H. Bankhead (1842-1920), Democratic
• 7. M.W. Howard (1862-1937), Populist
• 8. Joseph Wheeler (1836-1906), Democratic
• 9. Oscar W. Underwood (1862-1929), Democratic ...contested election, served until June 9, 1896.

  Truman H. Aldrich (1848-1932), Republican ...contested election, seated June 9, 1896.

[edit] Arkansas

• 1. Philip D. McCulloch, Jr. (1851-1928), Democratic
• 2. John S. Little (1853-1916), Democratic
• 3. Thomas C. McRae (1851-1929), Democratic
• 4. William L. Terry (1850-1917), Democratic
• 5. Hugh A. Dinsmore (1850-1930), Democratic
• 6. Robert Neill (1838-1907), Democratic

[edit] California

• 1. John A. Barham (1843-1926), Republican
• 2. Grove L. Johnson (1841-1926), Republican
• 3. Samuel G. Hilborn (1834-1899), Republican
• 4. James G. Maguire (1853-1920), Democratic
• 5. Eugene F. Loud (1847-1908), Republican
• 6. James McLachlan (1852-1940), Republican
• 7. William W. Bowers (1834-1917), Republican

[edit] Colorado

• 1. John F. Shafroth (1854-1922), Republican
• 2 John C. Bell (1851-1933), Populist

[edit] Connecticut

• 1. E. Stephens Henry (1836-1921), Republican
• 2. Nehemiah D. Sperry (1827-1911), Republican
• 3. Charles A. Russell (1852-1902), Republican
• 4. Ebenezer J. Hill (1845-1917), Republican

[edit] Delaware

• Jonathan S. Willis (1830-1903), Republican

[edit] Florida

• 1. S.M. Sparkman (1849-1929), Democratic
• 2. Charles M. Cooper (1856-1923), Democratic

[edit] Georgia

• 1. Rufus E. Lester (1837-1906), Democratic
• 2. Benjamin E. Russell (1845-1909), Democratic
• 3. Charles F. Crisp (1845-1896), Democratic ...died in office October 23, 1896.

  Charles R. Crisp (1870-1937), Democratic ...elected to fill vacancy, seated December 19, 1896.

• 4. Charles L. Moses (1856-1910), Democratic
• 5. Leonidas F. Livingston (1832-1912), Democratic
• 6. Charles L. Bartlett (1853-1938), Democratic
• 7. John W. Maddox (1848-1922), Democratic
• 8. Thomas G. Lawson (1835-1912), Democratic
• 9. Farish Carter Tate (1856-1922), Democratic
• 10. James C.C. Black (1842-1928), Democratic ...resigned March 4, 1895, before Congress assembled, elected to fill vacancy, seated December 2, 1895.
• 11. Henry G. Turner (1839-1904), Democratic

[edit] Idaho

• Edgar Wilson (1861-1915), Republican

[edit] Illinois

• 1. J. Frank Aldrich (1853-1933), Republican
• 2. William Lorimer (1861-1934), Republican
• 3. Lawrence E. McGann (1852-1928), Democratic ...resigned December 2, 1895.

  Hugh R. Belknap (1860-1901), Republican ...contested election, seated December 27, 1895.

• 4. Charles W. Woodman (1844-1898), Republican
• 5. George E. White (1848-1935), Republican
• 6. Edward D. Cooke (1849-1897), Republican
• 7. George E. Foss (1863-1936), Republican
• 8. Albert J. Hopkins (1846-1922), Republican
• 9. Robert R. Hitt (1834-1906), Republican
• 10. George W. Prince (1854-1939), Republican ...elected to fill vacancy, seated December 2, 1895.
• 11. Walter Reeves (1848-1909), Republican
• 12. Joseph G. Cannon (1836-1926), Republican
• 13. Vespasian Warner (1842-1925), Republican
• 14. J.V. Graff (1854-1921), Republican
• 15. Benjamin F. Marsh (1839-1905), Republican
• 16. Finis E. Downing (1846-1936), Democratic …contested election, served until June 5, 1896.

  John I. Rinaker (1830-1915), Republican ...contested election, seated June 5, 1896.

• 17. James A. Connolly (1843-1914), Republican
• 18. William F.L. Hadley (1847-1901), Republican ...elected to fill vacancy, seated December 2, 1895.

  Frederick Remann (1847-1895), Republican ...died July 14, 1895, before Congress assembled.

• 19. Benson Wood (1839-1915), Republican
• 20. Orlando Burrell (1826-1921), Republican
• 21. Everett J. Murphy (1852-1922), Republican
• 22. George W. Smith (1846-1907), Republican

[edit] Indiana

• 1. James A. Hemenway (1860-1923), Republican
• 2. A.M. Hardy (1847-1927), Republican
• 3. Robert J. Tracewell (1852-1922), Republican
• 4. James E. Watson (1864-1948), Republican
• 5. Jesse Overstreet (1859-1910), Republican
• 6. Henry U. Johnson (1850-1939), Republican
• 7. Charles L. Henry (1849-1927), Republican
• 8. George W. Faris (1854-1914), Republican
• 9. J. Frank Hanly (1863-1920), Republican
• 10. Jethro A. Hatch (1837-1912), Republican
• 11. George W. Steele (1839-1922), Republican
• 12. J.D. Leighty (1839-1912), Republican
• 13. Lemuel W. Royse (1847-1946), Republican

[edit] Iowa

• 1. Samuel M. Clark (1842-1900), Republican
• 2. George M. Curtis (1844-1921), Republican
• 3. David B. Henderson (1840-1906), Republican
• 4. Thomas Updegraff (1834-1910), Republican
• 5. Robert G. Cousins (1859-1933), Republican
• 6. John F. Lacey (1841-1913), Republican
• 7. John A.T. Hull (1841-1928), Republican
• 8. William P. Hepburn (1833-1916), Republican
• 9. A.L. Hager (1850-1923), Republican
• 10. Jonathan P. Dolliver (1858-1910), Republican
• 11 George D. Perkins (1840-1914), Republican

[edit] Kansas

• 1. Case Broderick (1839-1920), Republican
• 2. O.L. Miller (1856-1926), Republican
• 3. S.S. Kirkpatrick (1848-1909), Republican
• 4. Charles Curtis (1860-1936), Republican
• 5. W.A. Calderhead (1844-1928), Republican
• 6. William Baker (1831-1910), Populist
• 7. Chester I. Long (1860-1934), Republican
• A/L Richard W. Blue (1841-1907), Republican

[edit] Kentucky

• 1. John K. Hendrick (1849-1921), Democratic
• 2. John D. Clardy (1828-1918), Democratic
• 3. W. Godfrey Hunter (1841-1917), Republican
• 4. John W. Lewis (1841-1913), Republican
• 5. Walter Evans (1842-1923), Republican
• 6. Albert S. Berry (1836-1908), Democratic
• 7. William C. Owens (1849-1925), Democratic
• 8. James B. McCreary (1838-1918), Democratic
• 9. Samuel J. Pugh (1850-1922), Republican
• 10. Joseph M. Kendall (1863-1933), Democratic ...contested election, served until February 18, 1897.

  Nathan T. Hopkins (1852-1927), Republican ...contested election, seated February 18, 1897.

• 11. David G. Colson (1861-1904), Republican

[edit] Louisiana

• 1. Adolph Meyer (1842-1908), Democratic
• 2. Charles F. Buck (1841-1918), Democratic
• 3. Andrew Price (1854-1909), Democratic
• 4. Henry W. Ogden (1842-1905), Democratic
• 5. Charles J. Boatner (1849-1903), Democratic …contested election, seat declared vacant March 20, 1896, elected to fill vacancy, seated December 10, 1896.
• 6. Samuel M. Robertson (1852-1911), Democratic

[edit] Maine

• 1. Thomas B. Reed (1839-1902), Republican
• 2. Nelson Dingley, Jr. (1832-1899), Republican
• 3. Seth L. Milliken (1831-1897), Republican
• 4. Charles A. Boutelle (1839-1901), Republican

[edit] Maryland

• 1. Joshua W. Miles (1858-1929), Democratic
• 2. William B. Baker (1840-1911), Republican
• 3. Harry W. Rusk (1852-1926), Democratic
• 4. John K. Cowen (1844-1904), Democratic
• 5. Charles E. Coffin (1841-1912), Republican
• 6. George L. Wellington (1852-1927), Republican

[edit] Massachusetts

• 1. Ashley B. Wright (1841-1897), Republican
• 2. Frederick H. Gillett (1851-1935), Republican
• 3. Joseph Henry Walker (1829-1907), Republican
• 4. Lewis Dewart Apsley (1852-1925), Republican
• 5. William S. Knox (1843-1914), Republican
• 6. William Cogswell (1838-1895), Republican ...died May 22, 1895, before Congress assembled.

  William H. Moody (1853-1917), Republican ...elected to fill vacancy, seated December 2, 1895.

• 7. William E. Barrett (1858-1906), Republican
• 8. Samuel W. McCall (1851-1923), Republican
• 9. John F. Fitzgerald (1863-1950), Democratic
• 10. Harrison H. Atwood (1863-1954), Republican
• 11. William F. Draper (1842-1910), Republican
• 12. Elijah A. Morse (1841-1898), Republican
• 13. John Simpkins (1862-1898), Republican

[edit] Michigan

• 1. John B. Corliss (1851-1929), Republican
• 2. George Spalding (1836-1915), Republican
• 3. Alfred Milnes (1844-1916), Republican ...elected to fill vacancy, seated December 2, 1895.
• 4. Henry F. Thomas (1843-1912), Republican
• 5. William Alden Smith (1859-1932), Republican
• 6. David D. Aitken (1853-1930), Republican
• 7. Horace G. Snover (1847-1924), Republican
• 8. William S. Linton (1856-1927), Republican
• 9. Roswell P. Bishop (1843-1920), Republican
• 10. Rousseau O. Crump (1843-1901), Republican
• 11. John Avery (1824-1914), Republican
• 12. Samuel M. Stephenson (1831-1907), Republican

[edit] Minnesota

• 1. James A. Tawney (1855-1919), Republican
• 2. James T. McCleary (1853-1924), Republican
• 3. Joel P. Heatwole (1856-1910), Republican
• 4. Andrew R. Kiefer (1832-1904), Republican
• 5. Loren Fletcher (1833-1919), Republican
• 6. Charles A. Towne (1858-1928), Republican
• 7. Frank M. Eddy (1856-1929), Republican

[edit] Mississippi

• 1. John M. Allen (1846-1917), Democratic
• 2. John C. Kyle (1851-1913), Democratic
• 3. Thomas C. Catchings (1847-1927), Democratic
• 4. Hernando D. Money (1839-1912), Democratic
• 5. John S. Williams (1854-1932), Democratic
• 6. Walter M. Denny (1853-1926), Democratic
• 7. J.G. Spencer (1844-1926), Democratic

[edit] Missouri

• 1. C.N. Clark (1827-1902), Republican
• 2. Uriel S. Hall (1852-1932), Democratic
• 3. Alexander M. Dockery (1845-1926), Democratic
• 4. George C. Crowther (1849-1914), Republican
• 5. John C. Tarsney (1845-1920), Democratic ...contested election, served until February 27, 1896.

  Robert T. Van Horn (1824-1916), Republican ...contested election, seated February 27, 1896.

• 6. David A. De Armond (1844-1909), Democratic
• 7. John P. Tracey (1836-1910), Republican
• 8. Joel D. Hubbard (1860-1919), Republican
• 9. William M. Treloar (1850-1935), Republican
• 10. Richard Bartholdt (1855-1932), Republican
• 11. Charles F. Joy (1849-1921), Republican
• 12. Seth W. Cobb (1838-1909), Democratic
• 13. John H. Raney (1849-1928), Republican
• 14. Norman A. Mozley (1865-1922), Republican
• 15. Charles G. Burton (1846-1926), Republican

[edit] Montana

• Charles S. Hartman (1861-1929), Republican

[edit] Nebraska

• 1. Jesse B. Strode (1845-1924), Republican
• 2. David H. Mercer (1857-1919), Republican
• 3. George D. Meiklejohn (1857-1929), Republican
• 4. Eugene J. Hainer (1851-1929), Republican
• 5. William E. Andrews (1854-1942), Republican
• 6. Omer M. Kem (1855-1942), Populist

[edit] Nevada

• Francis G. Newlands (1848-1917), Democratic

[edit] New Hampshire

• 1. Cyrus A. Sulloway (1839-1917), Republican
• 2. Henry M. Baker (1841-1912), Republican

[edit] New Jersey

• 1. Henry C. Loudenslager (1852-1911), Republican
• 2. John J. Gardner (1845-1921), Republican
• 3. Benjamin F. Howell (1844-1933), Republican
• 4. Mahlon Pitney (1858-1924), Republican
• 5. James F. Stewart (1851-1904), Republican
• 6. Richard Wayne Parker (1848-1923), Republican
• 7. Thomas McEwan, Jr. (1854-1926), Republican
• 8. Charles N. Fowler (1852-1932), Republican

[edit] New York

• 1. Richard C. McCormick (1832-1901), Republican
• 2. Denis M. Hurley (1843-1899), Republican
• 3. Francis H. Wilson (1844-1910), Republican
• 4. Israel F. Fischer (1858-1940), Republican
• 5. Charles G. Bennett