Andrey Kurbsky

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Knyaz Andrey Mikhailovich Kurbsky (Андрей Михайлович Курбский in Russian) (1528-1583) was an intimate friend and then a leading political opponent of the Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible. His correspondence with the tsar is a unique source for the history of 16th-century Russia.

Kurbsky belonged to a family of Rurikid princes, which got its name from the village of Kurba near Yaroslavl. At an early age, he gained renown for the courage displayed in the annual campaigns against Kazan. During the decisive siege of Kazan he commanded the right flank of the Russian army and was wounded. Two years later, he defeated the Udmurt rebels and was appointed boyar. At that time, Kurbsky became one of the closest associates and advisors to the tsar.

During the Livonian War, Kurbsky led the Russian troops against the fortress of Yuryev, which he took. After Ivan failed to renew his commission, Kurbsky defected to Lithuania on April 30, 1564, citing impending repressions as his reason. Later the same year he led a Polish-Lithuanian army against Muscovy and devastated the region of Velikie Luki<ref>Skrynnikov R., "Ivan Grosny", M., AST, 2001</ref>. The Polish king gave him the town of Kovel in Volhynia, where he lived in peace, defending his Orthodox subjects from Polish encroachments. At the same time he was the severe landowner that caused indignations of serfs which have killed his manager.<ref>Белов Е.А. Предварительные замечания к истории царя Ивана Грозного, "Журнал Министерства Народного Просвещения", 1891 </ref>

Kurbsky is best remembered for a series of vitriolic letters he exchanged with the tsar between 1564 and 1579. In 1573, he wrote a political pamphlet, which voiced the former independent princeling's disapproval of Ivan's slide towards absolutism. In his writings, Kurbsky blames the tsar for a number of pathologically cruel crimes, but historians still disagree as to whether his claims should be given credit. As the large feudal lord Kurbsky zealously asserted privileges of the supreme aristocracy, thus opposing centralization of the state. Kurbsky's language is remarkable for abundance of foreign loans, especially from Latin, which he had mastered in emigration.