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Academic rank

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Academic organizations typically have a rather rigid set of ranks. Those listed below refer specifically to universities, although colleges and other institutions may follow a similar schema.

Contents

[edit] Australia and New Zealand

[edit] Academic ranks

  • Professor
  • Associate Professor and/or Reader
  • Senior Lecturer
  • Lecturer
  • Associate or Assistant Lecturer
  • Senior Tutor
  • Tutor

[edit] Administrative ranks

  • Chancellor (titular)
  • Deputy Chancellor / Pro-Chancellor (titular)
  • Vice-Chancellor
  • Deputy Vice-Chancellor
  • Pro-Vice-Chancellor
  • Registrar
  • Dean
  • Head of School

[edit] Brazil

At the University of Sao Paulo the academic rank system is:

  • Titular Professor (Professor Titular)
  • Associate Professor (Professor Associado): must hold a Livre Docente title
  • Doctor Professor (Professor Doutor): must hold an PhD or equivalent degree
  • Assistant Professor (Professor Assistente): must hold an MSc or equivalent degree
  • Teaching Assistant (Auxiliar de Ensino): bachelor degree

In the Federal Universities the academic ranks receive other names:(In portuguese)

  • Professor Titular
  • Professor Associado, levels A, B and C (or I, II, III)
  • Professor Adjunto, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)
  • Professor Assistente, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)
  • Professar Auxiliar, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)

More information: (In portuguese)

[edit] Canada

[edit] Academic ranks

Faculty (Professors):
  • Distinguished Professor or University Professor
  • Professor (or "Full Professor")
  • Associate Professor
  • Assistant Professor
Non-faculty and/or temporary

[edit] Administrative ranks

  • Chancellor (honorific)
  • President and Vice-Chancellor (dual title)
  • Provost
  • Vice Presidents (VP Academic, VP Research, VP Finance, etc.)
  • Associate Vice Presidents (Assoc. VP Academic, Assoc. VP Research, Assoc. VP Finance, etc.)
  • Deans (often also Full Professors)
  • Associate Deans (often also Full Professors)
  • Directors of Administrative Departments
  • Associate/Assistant Directors of Administrative Departments
  • Chairs of Academic Departments (usually Full Professors)

[edit] Cyprus

[edit] Academic ranks

[edit] Finland

There are a specific number of posts, which can be applied to when they are vacated or established. A Professor, for example, is a leader of a laboratory or a group.

  • Chancellor (only in the Universities of Helsinki, Tampere, Turku and in Åbo Akademi).
  • Rector
  • Vice Rector
  • Dean or the Head of Faculty
  • Professor
  • Adjunct Professor (is not necessarily permanently associated with the school but holds the right to teach)
  • Senior Assistant (post-doc or senior Ph. D student position), Laboratory Engineer (a formally administrative position, the holders of which often conduct research and teach, however)
  • Assistant, Research Associate, Research Scientist (Ph. D. student positions)
  • Research Assistant (undergrad or Master's student position)
  • Student

Notice that Professor is also a title, given by the president.

[edit] France

[edit] Academic ranks

  • Professeur des universités
  • Maître de conférence - MCF (with or without an habilitation to direct Phd thesis known as HDR)

Both Professeurs and Maître de conférences hold a Phd and a tenure.

Other academic staff include :

  • PRAG : Secondary school professors teaching at university level (for example a foreign language)
  • Professeur invité (similar to a professor of practice in the United States)
  • Attaché temporaire d'enseignement et de recherche - ATERs usually are completing a Phd or have just done so. They have a one year contract renewable once.
  • Allocataire de recherche-moniteur : Phd students with a Research grant who teach "Travaux dirigés" (Seminar type courses usually attached to a lecture by a professeur or MCF) at the undergraduate level.

[edit] Administrative ranks

  • Recteur :Appointed by the Ministry of education they are formally chancellor of the universities in an academic district although they actually only take care of primary and secondary schools. They usually are chosen among senior university professors.
  • Président de l'université : Elected position usually held by a professor for four years.
  • Doyen : Elected position, similar to a Dean, they steer a faculté or UFR (similar to a US college)
  • Président de la commission de spécialiste : Responsible for recruitment in a particular discipline (e.g. Public Law, Economics).
  • Directeur d'un centre de recherche


[edit] Norway

Elected faculty positions:

  • Rektor (Rector; one per university; usually assisted by prorektor and/or viserektor)
  • Dekan (Dean; one per faculty; formerly Dekanus (males) and Dekana (females), sometimes assisted by a prodekan)

Professorial ranks:

  • Professor
  • Dosent (Reader; rarely used in universities, somewhat more common in professional colleges)

Postdoctoral ranks:

  • Førsteamanuensis (associate professor)
  • Førstelektor (senior lecturer; lecturer who holds a doctorate)
  • Postdoc (senior research fellow; postdoctoral fellow)

Postgraduate ranks:

  • Amanuensis (assistant professor; rarely used in universities, somewhat more common in professional colleges)
  • Universitetslektor (lecturer)
  • Stipendiat (research fellow; PhD-student)
  • vitenskapelig assistent (research assistant; usually a graduate student)

[edit] Germany

  • Professor (Full, usually called a C4 or since 2004 W3 professor according to the German salary scheme)
  • Professor (Associate, C3 or W3 or W2)
  • Privatdozent (after Habilitation, not a paid position)
  • Juniorprofessor or Akademischer Rat or Wissenschaftlicher Assistent (Assistant Professor)
  • Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter (Research Fellow, Postdoctoral Fellow (a Ph. D. is not a prerequisite but endeavouring to undertake a Ph. D. is often required when accepting these positions))
  • Doktorand (Ph. D. student, not a paid position)
  • Student

[edit] Hong Kong

[edit] Academic ranks

In the past Hong Kong follows the British system. In recent years it is moving towards the North American counterpart, with the titles renamed to their corresponding equivalence. Institutions established in the 1980s and 1990s almost entirely follows the North American system, while older ones, notably the The University of Hong Kong is in the process of transition. [1] Depending on institutions, the title of "Professor" is assumed by chair professors and professors, or assistant professors and above.

[edit] Administrative ranks

[edit] Indonesia

[edit] Academic ranks

There are 9 ranks, in total, which can be categorized to 3 main levels.

2 levels; equivalents with Assistant Professor:

  • Asisten Ahli Madya
  • Asisten Ahli

5 levels; equivalents with Associate Professor:

  • Lektor Muda
  • Lektor Madya
  • Lektor
  • Lektor Kepala Madya
  • Lektor Kepala

2 levels; equivalents with Professor:

  • Guru Besar Madya
  • Guru Besar

[edit] Poland

Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank):

  • professor assistant (asystent)
  • associate professor (adiunkt)
  • professor extraordinarius (profesor nadzwyczajny)
  • professor ordinarius (profesor zwyczajny)

and also for a special purpose:

  • visiting professor (profesor wizytujący)
  • professor emeritus (profesor emerytowany)

Teaching staff (lower rank):

  • lecturer (wykładowca)
  • senior lecturer (starszy wykładowca)
  • instructor (instruktor)
  • lector /foreign language teacher/ (lektor)


[edit] Romania

Elected faculty positions:

  • Rector (Rector; one per university; usually assisted by prorector)
  • Dean (Decan; one per faculty; assisted by a prodecan)

Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank):

  • assistant professor (lector)
  • associate professor (conferentiar)
  • professor (profesor)

and also for a special purpose:

  • visiting professor (profesor vizitator)
  • professor emeritus (profesor emerit sau consultant)

Teaching staff (lower rank):

  • junior teaching assistant (preparator)
  • teaching assistant (asistent)

Postgraduate ranks:

  • PhD-candidate or PhD student (doctorand)

[edit] Spain

[edit] Academic ranks

Tenured:
Civil servants:
  • Catedrático de Universidad (chair, sometimes "Full professor")
  • Profesor Titular de Universidad
  • Catedrático de Escuela Universitaria
  • Profesor Titular de Escuela Universitaria (does not have to hold a PhD)
Non-civil servants:
  • Profesor Contratado Doctor (must hold a PhD)
  • Profesor de Universidad Privada (must hold a PhD)
  • Profesor Colaborador (does not have to hold a PhD)
Temporary and non-Faculty:
  • Profesor Visitante
  • Profesor Asociado
  • Profesor Ayudante Doctor (must hold a PhD)
  • Profesor Ayudante

[edit] Administrative ranks

  • Rector (usually a Catedrático de Universidad)
  • Vicerrector
  • Secretario General
  • Gerente
  • Decano or Director (often also a Catedrático de Universidad)
  • Vicedecanos or Subdirectores
  • Secretario del Centro
  • Director de Departamento
  • Secretario de Departamento

[edit] Italy

[edit] Academic ranks

Faculty (all these positions are tenure-track):

  • Professore Ordinario (Full professor)
  • Professore Straordinario (a Full professor who is either too old to be officially appointed, or has been called extraordinarily outside the number of professors the university should have, also a Full professor taking his three years of testing before being confirmed as Full professor)
  • Professore Associato (Associate Professor)
  • Ricercatore (Assistant Professor or Researcher)
  • Assistente (The fourth level of permanent positions. No positions of Assistente are being created currently, but existing personnel keeps the title)

Non-faculty and temporary:

  • Professore a contratto (Professor with a temporary appointment for a given course or lecture series)
  • Professore incaricato (Temporary Professor, as above)
  • Assegnista di Ricerca (Research fellow with a temporary position, usually holding a Ph. D. title)
  • Dottorando di Ricerca (Ph. D. Student)

[edit] Administrative ranks

  • Rettore (Rector)
  • Prorettore (Vice-Rector)
  • Preside (Head of a Faculty)
  • Presidente di Consiglio di Corso di Laurea (Head of a Bachelor/Msc curriculum on a given topic)
  • Direttore di Dipartimento (Department Dean)

[edit] United Kingdom

[edit] Academic ranks

[edit] University of Warwick changes

The University of Warwick has announced that its faculty will change academic titles to the American system (Professor, Associate Professor, Assistant Professor) from the 2006-2007 academic year.

[edit] Emeritus ranks

Upon retirement, a university may grant honorary status to the former staff member. In the case of the University of Hull, the ranks correspond as follows:

  • Professor : Emeritus Professor
  • Reader : Emeritus Reader
  • Senior Lecturer : Senior Fellow
  • Lecturer : Fellow

[edit] Administrative ranks

There are two systems of administrative ranks - one for England, Wales and Northern Ireland and one for Scotland.

[edit] England, Wales and Northern Ireland

[edit] Scotland

[edit] United States

[edit] Academic ranks

Regular faculty:
  • Distinguished Professor or University Professor
  • Professor (sometimes informally called "Full Professor")
  • Associate Professor (also "Professor by association")
  • Assistant Professor
  • Instructor (sometimes "Lecturer")
Traditionally, Assistant Professor has been the usual entry-level rank for faculty who hold doctorates (although this depends on the institution and the field). Although Instructorships seldom require a doctorate, competition for jobs has led to an increase in the number of Instructors who hold Ph. D.s or other terminal degrees. The rank of Associate Professor usually indicates that the individual has been granted tenure at the institution. Professor is often the highest rank attained by a senior faculty member, however some institutions may offer the title of Distinguished Professor to a senior faculty member whose research or publications have achieved wide recognition.
Temporary faculty and those with special appointments:
"Adjunct" before the name of a rank (Adjunct Assistant Professor, etc.) may indicate a part-time or temporary appointment. Adjunct status may also be given to a faculty member from another academic department whose research or teaching interests overlap substantially with those of the appointing department.
"Visiting" before the name of a rank (Visiting Assistant Professor, etc.) almost always indicates a temporary appointment, often to fill a vacancy that has arisen due to the sabbatical or temporary absence of a regular faculty member.
"Research" before the name of a rank (Research Assistant Professor, etc.) usually indicates a full-time research position with few or no teaching responsibilities. Research professorships are almost always funded by grants or fellowships apart from the regular university budget.
"Clinical" before the name of a rank (Clinical Assistant Professor, etc.) usually indicates a part-time teaching position with limited research responsibilities, especially in the health sciences.
The ranks of Lecturer and Senior Lecturer are used at some American universities to denote permanent teaching positions with few or no research responsibilities. At other American universities, the rank of Lecturer is equivalent to that of Instructor.
Other teaching and research personnel:
At some universities, librarians have a rank structure parallel to that of the regular faculty (Assistant Librarian, Associate Librarian, Librarian). Some senior librarians, and often the head librarian, may have faculty or faculty-equivalent rank.
Fellowships and Research Associate positions are most often limited-term appointments for postdoctoral researchers. They are not usually regarded as faculty positions, although some teaching may be required.
At most American universities, research technicians, lab managers, and related personnel are generally regarded as administrative staff rather than faculty.

[edit] Administrative ranks

  • President
  • Chancellor (sometimes outranking President)
  • Vice-Chancellor
  • Provost
  • Assistant Provost
  • Vice Presidents (VP Academic, VP Research, VP Finance, etc.)
  • Associate Vice Presidents (Assoc. VP Academic, Assoc. VP Research, Assoc. VP Finance, etc.)
  • Deans (often also Full Professors)
  • Associate Deans (often also Full Professors)
  • Directors of Administrative Departments
  • Associate/Assistant Directors of Administrative Departments
  • Chairs of Academic Departments (usually Full Professors)

[edit] See also

pl:Pracownicy uczelni

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