Air superiority fighter
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An air superiority fighter is a type of fighter aircraft designed to dominate and control airspace. Air superiority fighters are usually expensive aircraft, and procured in lesser numbers compared to smaller and generally more limited aircraft. The term was first used in 1966 to describe the VFAX/VFX F-14 Tomcat<ref>Aviation Week, 1974. Grumman advertisement, "F-14 Tomcat, World's most capable air superiority fighter... eliminates harmful objects with its multiple track-while-scan weapons system, extreme-range simultaneous multiple-missile launch, and variable-sweep-wing versatility"</ref> and later the McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) F-15 Eagle.[citation needed]
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[edit] Evolution of the term
During World War II and through the Korean War, fighters were classified by their role: heavy fighter, interceptor, escort fighter, day fighter and so forth. Towards the end of the war, these types began to coalesce, as individual airframes became more capable and took on more roles. With the development of missiles in the 1950's that could destroy targets beyond visual range, design diverged between fighters optimized to fight in the Beyond Visual Range (BVR) regime, and fighters optimized to fight in the Within Visual Range (WVR) regime. In the United States, the proponents of BVR thought it obsolesced WVR, with corresponding compromises in maneuverability and other performance characteristics beneficial to dogfighting.
[edit] Lessons in combat
However, combat experience in Vietnam proved the BVR proponents wrong. Owing to restrictive rules of engagement and the failings of 1960s missile and radar technology, combat often devolved into a close-range dog-fight, one for which American fighters and pilots were unprepared. The lessons from this conflict spurred a rethinking of design priorities for fighter aircraft.
[edit] Air Superiority Fighters
Image:F-15 eagle USAF.jpg This rethinking drove the Navy's VFAX / VFX of the 1960s and Air Force's FX (Fighter Experimental) concept of the 1970's, which resulted in the F-14, and later F-15. The VFX would not compromise interception for the air superiority role, a feat accomplished by Grumman grafting the AWG-9/Phoenix onto an agile airframe. The FX was to be a specialized air superiority fighter, one that sacrificed the ability to carry the Phoenix missile to destroy up to six targets simultaneously at ranges of up to 100 miles in order to excel at only medium beyond visual and short visual range air superiority. It should be noted the F-14 / Phoenix combination was most effective in an anti-bomber.
[edit] Current Fighters
The Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, will be the USAF's next generation air superiority fighter. It incorporates many advanced technologies like stealth, supersonic cruise without afterburner (supercruise), high maneuverability and thrust-vectoring of its engines. However, like the F-15, it lacks a 90 mile range class anti-bomber/missile capability[citation needed]. Some early advertising material for the F-22 billed it as an "air dominance fighter." It will be one of the most expensive tactical combat aircraft ever produced.
The current yardstick by which other air superiority fighters are judged is the Boeing F-15 Eagle. It has been the USAF's premier fighter aircraft for nearly 30 years. The F-15 is in service with the USAF (F-15C), the Japanese Air Self Defence Force JASDF (F-15J), the Israeli Air Force (F-15I) and the Royal Saudi Air Force (F-15S). South Korea has recently selected the F-15K as its future air superiority fighter and the Republic of Singapore Air Force selected the F-15ST in 2006 as its future air superiority fighter.
The F-14 was the Navy's primary air superiority fighter during its service life. The F-14 finally retired from frontline US Navy service in the second half of 2006.
It is being replaced by the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, an aircraft which was not originally intended to be the Navy's primary air superiority fighter because of its lack of the F-14's long range simultaneous target engagement capabilities which had been a requirement filled by Navy designs since the 1960s.
Russia's main air-superiority fighters are the Sukhoi Su-27, Sukhoi Su-30 and the MiG-29 Fulcrum.
The French Air Force fields the Mirage 2000-5 as its air-superiority fighter.
The new generation of European fighters currently entering service are all capable of the air superiority mission, as only one of many roles. They are the Saab Gripen, Dassault Rafale and the Eurofighter Typhoon.
The desirable features of an air superiority fighter, most of which were pioneered first by the Grumman F-14 Tomcat, are excellent maneuverability, high thrust-to-weight ratio, high performance radar with the ability to track multiple targets simultaneously, modern digital glass cockpits to reduce pilot workload, good visibility from the cockpit (still important in the 21st century), armament consisting of fire and forget beyond visual range (BVR) and short and medium range agile, all-aspect air-to-air missiles, such as the AMRAAM and ASRAAM respectively.
In order to maximize their combat effectiveness, air superiority fighters will usually operate under the control/co-ordination of an Airborne Warning And Control System (AWACS) or Airborne Early Warning (AEW) aircraft.
[edit] Notes
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