Alta California
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Alta California ("Upper California") was formed in 1804 when the province of California, then a part of the Spanish colony of New Spain, was divided in two along the line separating the Franciscan missions in the north from the Dominican missions in the south. The southern part became the territory of Baja California. The two territories were also alternatively called "California Nueva" ("New California"; Upper California) and "California Vieja" ("Old California"; Lower California).
Alta California — covering the land that belongs to the modern-day U.S. states of California, Nevada, Utah, northern Arizona and southwestern Wyoming — gained independence from Spain in 1821 upon conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence, following the war and short-lived inclusion in the First Empire (that Spain deemed illegal in 1822), but was was not recognized as one of the newly independent United Mexican States. The 1824 Constitution refers to it as one of "the territories". During the Mexican-American War of 1846–48 Mexico lost control of this province. In response to calls from California residents who were striving for independence from Mexico City, U.S. Army and Navy forces entered the territory and removed remaining Mexican military units; it was formally ceded to the U.S. under the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
The last Mexican Governor of California was Pío Pico, who served until 1846.
In the second half of the 19th century, there was a San Francisco-based newspaper called the Alta California (or sometimes the Alta Californian). Mark Twain's first widely successful book, The Innocents Abroad, was an edited collection of letters written for this publication.
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[edit] Ranchos of California
Under Spanish rule, all lands in California were claimed by the king of Spain, who granted them to the Roman Catholic Church and to individuals. When California came under control of the Mexican government the missions were secularized and the governors gained the power to grant state lands. Few ranchos stayed intact for long, either growing or shrinking, or changing hands entirely depending on the fortunes of the owners. Some of the more famous ranchos and their descendent communities:
- Rancho la Ballona, owned by the Machado and Talamantes families
- Venice, Marina del Rey, Playa del Rey, Inglewood, and the Ocean Park district of Santa Monica.
- Rancho Boca de Santa Monica
- Rancho de las Pulgas, to Luis Antonio Argüello
- Rancho La Cañada
- Parts of Eagle Rock, La Cañada Flintridge
- Rancho Rinconada de Los Gatos, granted in 1839 to Jose Maria Hernandez and Sebastian Fabian Peralta. 6,631 acres (27 km²)
- Rancho Rosa Castilla, created by the family of Juan Batista Batz, a Basque rancher from northern Spain who settled here in the 1850s-now it's known as CSULA.
- Rancho San Antonio (Lugo grant), granted 1810 by the King of Spain to Antonio María Lugo, maximum size: 29,513 acres (119 km²).
- Bell Gardens, Commerce, and parts of Bell, Cudahy, Lynwood, Montebello, South Gate, Vernon and East Los Angeles.
- Rancho San Antonio (Peralta Grant), 44,800-acres granted in 1820 by Governor Pablo Vicente de Solá to Don Luís María Peralta.
- San Leandro, Oakland, Alameda, Emeryville, Piedmont, Berkeley, and Albany.
- Rancho San Lorenzo, granted in 1841 by Governor Juan Alvarado to Guillermo Castro. 26,722 acres (108 km²)
- Rancho San Lorenzo Baja Rancho in 1842 by Governor Juan Alvarado to Francisco Soto
- Rancho San Rafael, granted 1798 by the King of Spain to José María Verdugo
- Rancho San Vicente y Santa Monica
- Rancho Soscol, granted 1844 by Governor Pio Pico to Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
[edit] See also
[edit] For the Spanish and Mexican control of Alta California
- Spanish colonization of the Americas
- History of California
- Spanish Missions of California
- List of pre-statehood governors of California
- Presidio of Monterey, California
- Presidio of San Francisco
- El Camino Real (California)
- Island of California
