Amen break

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The "Amen break" (usually pronounced /a:'men/) was a drum-solo performed by Gregory Cylvester Coleman. The 'Amen Break' or 'Amen' is the most frequently used sampled drum loop in hip hop, jungle and drum and bass music. It is 5.20 seconds long and consists of 4 bars of the drum-solo sampled from the song "Amen, Brother" as performed by the 1960s funk and soul outfit The Winstons. The song is an up-tempo instrumental rendition of an older gospel music classic. The Winstons' version was released as a B-side of the 45 rpm 7" vinyl single Color Him Father in 1969 on Metromedia (MMS-117), and is currently available on several compilations and on a 12" vinyl re-release together with other songs by The Winstons.

As with many samples, the copyright history of the Amen break is complex. Neither the drummer, Gregory C. Coleman, nor the copyright owner Richard L. Spencer, the Grammy-award winning composer and performer of the hit "Color Him Father", has ever received any royalties for the sampling.

The song itself achieved fame within the hip hop and subsequent electronic music communities when Louis Flores compiled it onto his 1986 Ultimate Breaks and Beats bootleg series for DJ's. Louis edited four bars of the drum break at much slower speed than the remainder of the song. Although it created a jarring difference in tempo in the center of the song, it allowed Hip-Hop DJ's to extend the beat by switching between two copies of the record on two separate turntables at a danceable tempo while ignoring the rest of the song (this technique was created by Kool Herc). A year later, E-mu released the SP1200 sampler, altering Hip-Hop production techniques from drum machines to sampled loops. Most producers began to mine their loops initially from Ultimate Breaks and Beats series, causing the Amen break to gain a massive amount of fame in the hip-hop community, crossing over to the UK and European dance music scenes shortly afterwards. Eventually, the song was reissued in its original form at a higher quality sound, and since most contemporary electronic music producers were speeding up the sample, the slower edited version fell out of favor.

With the emergence of rave music around 1990, the Amen began to appear in an increasing number of techno productions. Very soon the famous loop became the sole drum element of many tracks and a whole style got its own name - Jungle. In the early 90s, jungle became an important part of electronic music. It borrowed largely from hip-hop and reggae but the amen break was always an inseparable part of every jungle track in many different forms: looped straight as in oldschool jungle and breakbeat hardcore, or entirely dismembered and rearranged. Over time, the majority of the jungle movement evolved into drum and bass. The new style became more sophisticated, more complex and producers started using other drum loops. At the end of the 90s, some producers focused on the amen break and took it to the next level. Artists like Squarepusher and Aphex Twin started a new sub-genre of hyper-edited drum and bass called drill and bass. The amen break is still to be found in many new productions today, Luke Vibert has released several records under the moniker Amen Andrews, using that break on every track, heavily sliced and edited (yet recognizable). It is probably the only time in the history of music when a five-second drum loop created a completely new style of music and managed to influence other musical styles to such a degree.

It is also used by some cross genre artists such as DJ Axera and Gomanda and in many hip hop tunes, such as N.W.A's Straight Outta Compton. The first Hip-Hop producer to dismember the drum sounds of the Amen break and reprogram them into a new pattern was Mr. Mixx of 2 Live Crew on their 1987 song "Feel Alright Ya'll" from the Move Somethin' album, followed by the Mantronix sample-heavy track "King of the Beats" in 1988. The Amen break has also been used by rock musical acts including Perry Farrell, Nine Inch Nails and quite frequently by The Mad Capsule Markets. It can even be heard in the background of car commercials and television shows such as The Amazing Race and Futurama. Beginning drummers are often taught it as a first exercise.

The Amen break's popularity probably lies in both the rough, funky, compressed style that the drums are recorded in as well as the "swing" and "groove" of the drummer who originally played the solo. The original song is also quite fast, making it more suitable for up-tempo music genres such as jungle and drum-and-bass. Additionally, it is easy to slice or rearrange with a sampler, thanks to the drummer's regularity. A few other popular drum and bass breaks are sampled from Lyn Collins' Think About It, Bobby Byrd's Hot Pants - I'm Coming, Coming, I'm Coming (Bonus Beats), James Brown's Funky Drummer, and The Incredible Bongo Band's Apache.