Anacoluthon
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An anacoluthon is a rhetorical device that can be loosely defined as a change of syntax within a sentence. More specifically, anacoluthons (or "anacoluthia") are created when a sentence abruptly changes from one structure to another. Grammatically, anacoluthon is an error; however, in rhetoric it is a figure that shows excitement, confusion, or laziness. In poetics it is sometimes used in dramatic monologues and in verse drama. In prose, anacoluthon is often used in stream of consciousness writing, such as that of James Joyce, because it is characteristic of informal human thought.
In its most restrictive meaning, anacoluthon requires that the introductory elements of a sentence lack a proper object or complement. For example, if the beginning of a sentence sets up a subject and verb, but then the sentence changes its structure so that no direct object is given, the result is anacoluthon. Essentially, it requires a change of subject or verb from the stated to an implied term. The sentence must be "without completion" (literally what "anacoluthon" means). A sentence that lacks a head, that supplies instead the complement or object without subject, is anapodoton.
As a figure, anacoluthon directs a reader's attention, especially in poetry, to the syntax itself and highlights the mechanics of the meaning rather than the object of the meaning. It can, therefore, be a distancing technique in some poetry.
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[edit] Examples
- Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists — are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions? (John George Diefenbaker)
- Had ye been there — for what could that have done? (John Milton in Lycidas)
- Shakespeare uses anacoluthon in his history plays:
- "Rather proclaim it, Westmoreland, through my host,
- That he which hath no stomach to this fight,
- Let him depart. (William Shakespeare, Henry V IV iii 346-6).
- Additionally, Conrad Aiken's Rimbaud and Verlaine has an extended anacoluthon as it discusses anacoluthon:
[edit] Etymology
The word 'anacoluthon' comes from the Greek 'anakolouthon' which derives from the prefix an (not) combined with the root akolouthos (following), which, incidentally, is precisely the meaning of the Latin phrase non sequitur in logic. However, in Classical rhetoric anacoluthon was used both for the logical error of non sequitur and for the syntactic effect or error of changing an expected following or completion to a new or improper one.
[edit] See also
Anacoluthon is sometimes (wrongly) confused with anacoloutha, a term that denotes metaphorical substitutions.
[edit] Trivia
The word, though not the underlying meaning, has been popularized, due to its use as an imprecation by Captain Haddock in the English translations of The Adventures of Tintin series of books.
"We can hardly conclude even so desultory a survey of grammatical misdemeanours as this has been without mentioning the most notorious of all. The anacoluthon is a failure to follow on, an unconscious departure from the grammatical scheme with which a sentence was started, the getting switched off, imperceptibly to the writer, very noticeably to his readers, from one syntax track to another. There is little to be said on the matter."
The King's English by H.W. Fowler and F.G. Fowler 1931
At Oxford University there circulates the (sadly probably apocryphal) story of the don who had trouble keeping people off his pleasant riverside land. He tried the usual legal "No Trespassing" signs, but to no avail. He put up signs warning of dogs, gamekeepers and shotguns, but still the trespassers came. So in desperation he put up a signs saying "Beware of the anacoluton". Perhaps because it sounds a bit like a snake, the warning worked; he had no further unwanted visitors.
[edit] External links
[edit] References
- Aiken, Conrad. Selected Poems. London: OUP, 2003. 141.
- Brown, Huntington and Albert W. Halsall. "Anacoluthon" in Alex Preminger and T.V.F. Brogan, eds., The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993. 67-8.de:Anakoluth
es:Anacoluto fr:Anacoluthe gl:Anacoluto it:Anacoluto nl:Anakoloet pt:Anacoluto ro:Anacolut ru:Анаколуф
