Anatinae
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| iDabbling ducks | ||||||||||||
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| Image:Pacificblackduck.jpg Pacific Black Duck
(Anas superciliosa) | ||||||||||||
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The Anatinae is a subfamily of the family Anatidae (swans, geese and ducks).
The Anatinae subfamily as understood here contains only the dabbling ducks and their close relatives, the extinct moa-nalos. In other treatments (e.g. Terres & NAS 1991), all Anatidae except geese, swans, and whistling-ducks are included in it as tribes.
Sometimes the diving ducks are also included here, but mtDNA cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence data (Johnson & Sorenson 1999) indicates that they are fairly distant from the dabbling ducks, the morphological similarities (Livezey 1986) being due to convergent evolution.
The dabbling duck group, of worldwide distribution, includes 8 genera and some 50-60 living species according to Livezey (1986). However, Salvadori's Teal is almost certainly closely related to the Pink-eared Duck[citation needed], and other genera are likewise of unresolved affiliation (Sraml et al. 1996, Johnson & Sorenson 1999).
In addition, the genus Anas as traditionally defined is not monophyletic; several South American species belong to a distinct clade which would include the Tachyeres steamer-ducks (Johnson & Sorenson 1999), and other species such as the Baikal Teal should also be considered distinct. See the genus article for more on this subject.
The following genera are (with one exception) unequivocal dabbling ducks:
- Amazonetta
- Anas - probably paraphyletic
- Lophonetta - formerly Anas
- Speculanas - formerly Anas
The 3 known genera and 4 known species of moa-nalos are went extinct around 1000 AD. They formerly occurred on the Hawaiian Islands and were derived from dabbling ducks, possibly even the common ancestor of the mallard and the Pacific Black Duck:
Subfossil remains of a small, flightless dabbling duck have been recovered on Rota (Mariana Islands). These cannot be assigned to a known genus, but probably are closest to Anas.
Frequently placed into the Anatinae are these genera, whose relationships must be considered uncertain at present:
- Aix - Tadorninae?
- Cairina - may be paraphyletic, with one species in Tadorninae and the other closer to diving ducks
- Callonetta - Tadorninae?
- Chenonetta - Tadorninae?
- Pteronetta - may belong into a distinct clade with Cyanochen
- Nettapus - part of ancient Gondwanan lineage?
On the other hand, the following genera, usually considered to belong into the Tadorninae, may actually be dabbling ducks:
The Marbled Duck, formerly tentatively assigned to the dabbling ducks, is actually a diving duck or even a distinct subfamily (Johnson & Sorenson 1999).
[edit] References
- Johnson, Kevin P. & Sorenson, Michael D. (1999): Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence. Auk 116(3): 792–805. PDF fulltext
- Livezey, Bradley C. (1986): A phylogenetic analysis of recent anseriform genera using morphological characters. Auk 103(4): 737-754. PDF fulltext
- Sraml, M.; Christidis, L.; Easteal, S.; Horn, P. & Collet, C. (1996): Molecular Relationships Within Australasian Waterfowl (Anseriformes). Australian Journal of Zoology 44(1): 47-58. DOI:10.1071/ZO9960047 (HTML abstract)
- Terres, John K. & National Audubon Society (1991): The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. Wings Books, New York. ISBN 0517032880
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