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Apollo 16

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Apollo 16
Mission Patch
Image:Apollo-16-LOGO.png
Mission Statistics
Mission Name:Apollo 16
Call Sign:Command module: Casper
Lunar module: Orion
Number of
Crew:		3
Launch:April 16, 1972
17:54:00 UTC
Kennedy Space Center
LC 39A
Lunar Landing:April 21, 1972
02:23:35 UTC
8° 58' 22.84" S - 15° 30' 0.68" E
Descartes Highlands
Lunar EVA
length:		1st: 7 h 11 min 2 s
2nd: 7 h 23 min 9 s
3rd: 5 h 40 min 3 s
Total:20 h 14 min 14 s
CMP EVA:1 h 23 min 42 s
Lunar surface
time:		71 h 2 min 13 s
Lunar sample
mass:		 95.71 kg (211 lb)
Splashdown:April 27, 1972
19:45:05 UTC
0° 43' S - 156° 13' W
Duration:11 d 1 h 51 min 5 s
Number of
Lunar Orbits:		64
Time in
Lunar Orbit:		125 h 49 min 32.59 s
Mass:CSM 30,395 kg;
LM 16,445 kg
Crew Picture
Apollo 16 crew portrait (L-R: Mattingly, Young and Duke)
Apollo 16 crew portrait
(Left to Right: Mattingly, Young and Duke)
Apollo 16 Crew

Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the Apollo program and the fifth mission to land on the Moon.

Contents

[edit] Crew

*Number in parentheses indicates number of spaceflights by each individual prior to and including this mission.

[edit] Backup crew

[edit] Support crew

[edit] Mission parameters

  • Mass:
    • Launch mass: 2,921,005 kg
    • Total spacecraft: 46,782 kg
      • CSM mass: 30,354 kg, of which CM was 5840 kg, SM 24,514 kg
      • LM mass: transposition and docking 36,252 lb (16,444 kg), separation for landing 36,743 lb (16,666 kg), ascent stage at lunar liftoff 10,949 lb (4966 kg)
  • Earth orbits: 3 before leaving for Moon, about one on return
  • Lunar orbits: 64

[edit] LM - CSM docking

[edit] EVAs

  • Young and Duke - EVA 1
  • EVA 1 Start: April 21, 1972, 16:47:28 UTC
  • EVA 1 End: April 21, 23:58:40 UTC
  • Duration: 7 hours, 11 minutes, 02 seconds
  • Young and Duke - EVA 2
  • EVA 2 Start: April 22, 1972, 16:33:35 UTC
  • EVA 2 End: April 22, 23:56:44 UTC
  • Duration: 7 hours, 23 minutes, 09 seconds
  • Young and Duke - EVA 3
  • EVA 3 Start: April 23, 1972, 15:25:28 UTC
  • EVA 3 End: April 23, 21:05:31 UTC
  • Duration: 5 hours, 40 minutes, 03 seconds
  • Mattingly - Transearth EVA 4
  • EVA 4 Start: April 25, 1972, 20:33:46 UTC
  • EVA 4 End: April 25, 21:57:28 UTC
  • Duration: 1 hour, 23 minutes, 42 seconds

The splashdown point was 0 deg 43 min S, 156 deg 13 min W, 215 miles (350 km) southeast of Christmas Island and 5 km (3 mi) from the recovery ship USS Ticonderoga.

[edit] Introduction

Image:A16-plaque.jpg

The crew members: John W. Young, commander; Ken Mattingly, command module pilot; and Charles Duke, lunar module pilot. It was a J-class mission, featuring a Lunar Rover. It brought back 94.7 kg of lunar samples. It included three lunar EVA: 7.2 hours, 7.4 hours, 5.7 hours and one trans-earth EVA of 1.4. This was only the second trans-earth EVA ever and was used to bring in film from exterior cameras and conduct an experiment on microbial survival.

The Apollo 16 subsatellite was launched from the CSM while it was in lunar orbit. The subsatellite carried out experiments on magnetic fields and solar particles. It was launched April 24, 1972 at 21:56:09 UTC and orbited the Moon for 34 days and 425 revolutions. It had a mass of 80 lb (36.3 kg) and consisted of a central cylinder and three 1.5 m booms.

En route to the moon, the Apollo 16 astronauts took several photos of Earth. One of which was with North America in the background, with much of the northern portion of the continent under extensive cloud cover. This photo would later be used as a backdrop for the opening sequence of television's World Class Championship Wrestling, a Dallas-based professional wrestling organization, from 1983 to 1987.

[edit] Mission highlights

Image:Apollo 16 Landing Site Map Revised.jpgImage:40 A16Plum.jpgImage:Apollo 16 Young salutes the flag.jpg John Young works at the LRV near the LM Orion (NASA)

A malfunction in a yaw gimbal servo loop in the main propulsion system of the CSM Casper caused concerns about firing the engine to adjust the CSM's lunar orbit, and nearly caused the Moon landing to be scrubbed. But it was decided that the malfunction presented relatively little risk, and Young and Duke (who were already undocked, and flying LM Orion when the problem occurred) were permitted to land on the Moon. However, the mission was shortened by a day (reducing the time in orbit around the Moon after the LM left the Moon and docked with the CSM), as a safety measure.

Young and Duke spent three days exploring the Descartes highland region, while Mattingly circled overhead in Casper. The astronauts discovered that what was thought to have been a region of volcanism was actually a region full of impact-formed rocks (breccias). Their collection of returned specimens included an 25 pound (11.7 kg) chunk that was the largest single rock returned by the Apollo astronauts<ref name="Lunar Sample Facility Tour - NASA">http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/tour/display.cfm</ref> (nicknamed Big Muley after Bill Muehlberger, principal investigator for the mission's geology activities<ref name="Apollo 16 Video Library NASA">http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/video16.html </ref>). The Apollo 16 astronauts also conducted performance tests with the lunar rover, at one time getting up to a top speed of 11 miles per hour (18 kilometers per hour), which still stands as the record speed for any wheeled vehicle on the Moon (listed as such in the Guinness Book of Records).

[edit] Relics

The command module is currently at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center, in Huntsville, Alabama. The lunar module ascent stage separated 24 April 1972 but a loss of attitude control rendered it out of control. It orbited the Moon for about a year. Its impact site on the Moon is unknown.

[edit] Mission insignia

The circular patch featured an eagle with wings outstretched, perched atop a red, white, and blue shield, over a lunar surface. The vector symbol from the NASA logo was placed on top of the shield, and then across the shield were written the words APOLLO 16. The artwork was bordered in white, with a blue band carrying 16 stars and the crew names. There was a gold border. The patch was designed by NASA artist Barbara Matelski.

[edit] Trivia

  • Charles Duke left a plastic-encased photo portrait of his family on the moon. As a photograph, it could not be interpreted as 'art' (such as Fallen Astronaut).
  • John Young was caught twice using profanity on the moon when (a) he was complaining about drinking orange juice while on open mike and (b) when he tripped over the cable connected to the Heat Flow Experiment, pulling it out and rendering the experiment non-operational.
  • Merle Haggard's music was brought along at the request of the crew.

[edit] Quotes

"I mean, I haven't eaten this much citrus fruit in 20 years. And I'll tell you one thing, in another 12 days, I ain't never eating any more." John Young, reacting to stomach problems caused by drinking excessive orange juice.

[edit] Media

[edit] See also

[edit] References

<references />

[edit] External links

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