Apple Lossless

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Apple Lossless (also known as Apple Lossless Encoder, ALE, or Apple Lossless Audio Codec, ALAC) is an audio codec developed by Apple Computer for lossless compression of digital music.

Apple Lossless data is stored within an MP4 container with the filename extension .m4a. While Apple Lossless has the same file extension as AAC, it is not a variant of AAC, but uses linear prediction similar to other lossless codecs such as FLAC and Shorten.<ref>Hammerton, David (2005-03-01). Re: Apple Lossless Audio Codec: Issues surrounding the release of my code?. Gmane. Retrieved on 2006-11-05.</ref> iPods with a dock connector (not the Shuffle) and recent firmware can play Apple Lossless-encoded files. It does not utilize any digital rights management (DRM) scheme, but by the nature of the container, it is thought that DRM can be applied to ALAC much the same way it can with other files in QuickTime containers.

Apple claims that audio files compressed with its lossless codec will use up "about half the storage space" that the uncompressed data would require. Testers using a selection of music have found that compressed files are about 40% to 60% the size of the originals depending on the kind of music, similar to other lossless formats. Furthermore, the speed at which it can be decoded makes it useful for a limited-power device such as the iPod.<ref>Speek (2005-02-07). Performance comparison of lossless audio compressors. Retrieved on 2006-11-05.</ref>

The Apple Lossless Encoder was introduced as a component of QuickTime 6.5.1 on April 28, 2004 and thus as a feature of iTunes 4.5. The codec is also used in the AirPort Express's AirTunes implementation.

David Hammerton and Cody Brocious have analyzed and decoded this codec without any documents on the format. On March 5 2005 Hammerton published a simple open source decoder in the programming language C on the basis of the reverse engineering work.

The open source library libavcodec now incorporates a decoder for Apple Lossless format which means that any media player based on that library, including VLC media player and MPlayer, should be able to play Apple Lossless files.

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Other comparable lossless audio codecs:

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Multimedia compression formats
Video compression formats	ISO/IEC	MPEG-1 \| MPEG-2 \| MPEG-4 \| MPEG-4/AVC	ITU-T	H.261 \| H.262 \| H.263 \| H.264	Others	AVS \| Dirac \| Indeo \| MJPEG \| RealVideo \| VC-1 \| Theora \| VP6 \| VP7 \| WMV
Audio compression formats	ISO/IEC MPEG	MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3) \| MPEG-1 Layer II \| AAC \| HE-AAC	ITU-T	G.711 \| G.722 \| G.722.1 \| G.722.2 \| G.723 \| G.723.1 \| G.726 \| G.728 \| G.729 \| G.729.1 \| G.729a	Others	AC3 \| ATRAC \| FLAC \| iLBC \| Monkey's Audio \| Musepack \| RealAudio \| SHN \| Speex \| Vorbis \| WavPack \| WMA
Image compression formats	ISO/IEC/ITU-T	JPEG \| JPEG 2000 \| JPEG-LS \| JBIG \| JBIG2	--	--	Others	BMP \| GIF \| ILBM \| PCX \| PNG \| TGA \| TIFF \| WMP
Media container formats	General	3GP \| ASF \| AVI \| FLV \| Matroska \| MP4 \| MXF \| NUT \| Ogg \| Ogg Media \| QuickTime \| RealMedia	Audio only	AIFF \| AU \| WAV	--	--