Arapaima
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Data deficient (DD)
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| Arapaima gigas (Cuvier, 1829) |
The arapaima, piracucu, pirarucu, or paiche, Arapaima gigas, is the world's largest freshwater fish. The species is reported to reach lengths in excess of 3 m (9.8 ft.) and weigh up to 200 kg (440 lb), although these reports have been disputed. As one of the most sought after fish species in South America, it is often captured by spearing for export, and, consequently, large arapaima of more than 2 m are seldom found today.
The diet of the arapaima consists of other fish or even small animals, including birds. This fish is able to survive extensive drought periods by gulping air and burrowing in the mud or sand of the swamps.
The arapaima has also been introduced for fishing in Thailand and Malaysia. It is also considered an aquarium fish, although it obviously requires a large tank and ample resources.
Fossils of arapaima or a very similar species have been found in the Miocene Villavieja Formation of Colombia. [1]
The tongue of this fish is known to have medicinal qualities in South America. It is dried and combined with guarana bark, which is grated and mixed into water. Doses of this are given to kill intestinal worms.
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[edit] Reproduction
Due to the geographic range that arapaima inhabits, the animal's life cycle is greatly affected by the seasonal flooding that occurs. Half of the year the arapaima experiences an abundance of water, which is a benefit to these aquatic organisms; however, the other half of the year the arapaima experiences drought conditions. The arapaima has adapted to this great fluctuation in many aspects of its life, including reproduction. The arapaima lays its eggs during the months of February, March, and April when the water levels are low. They build a nest approximately 50 cm wide and 15 cm deep, usually in sandy bottomed areas. As the water rises the eggs hatch and the offspring have the flood season to prosper, during the months of May to August. Therefore, the yearly spawning is regulated seasonally. The arapaima is a mouthbrooder.
[edit] Economic Importance for Humans
The arapaima is hunted and utilized in many ways by local human populations. Arapaima are harpooned or caught in large nets and the meat is said to be delicious. Since the arapaima needs to swim up to breathe air, traditional arapaima fishers often catch them by first clubbing them and then harpooning them dead. One individual can yield seventy kg of meat. In addition, the arapaima's bony tongue is often used to scrape cylinders of dried guarana, an ingredient in a beverage, and the bony scales are used as nail files. This animal also appears in the pet trade, although to keep a arapaima correctly requires a large tank and can prove quite difficult.
[edit] Trivia
- In the Nintendo GameCube videogame Animal Crossing and subsequent sequels, the arapaima is the third rarest catch.
[edit] References
- World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). Arapaima gigas. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 06 May 2006.
- "Arapaima gigas". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 10 2005 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2005.
(Lowe-McConnell 1987; Smith 1981, Luna and Froese, 2002)cs:Arapaima velká de:Arapaima es:Arapaima gigas fr:Arapaima gigas he:פיררוקו ka:არაპაიმა nl:Arapaima ja:ピラルクー pl:Arapaima pt:Pirarucu ru:Арапайма fi:Arapaima sv:Arapaima zh:巨骨舌鱼
