Armenian alphabet

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The Armenian alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the 5th century. Up to the 19th century, Classical Armenian had been the literary language; since then, the Armenian alphabet is used to write the two modern, literary, spoken dialects – Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian – which were forged during the same time period.

The Armenian word for "alphabet" is այբուբեն ([ɑjbubɛn]), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet.

[edit] The alphabet

¹As initial sound ye /jɛ/, in other respects e /ɛ/. The reason is that the y /j/ falls out in compounds f.e. եղբայր (ełbayr, /jɛʀˈbajɹ/ (brother)), but մորեղբայր (morełbayr, /moɹɛʀˈbajɹ/ (brother of the mother).

²Using reformed orthography, the name of <լ> is pronounced [lyun].

³Only in Traditional orthography when at the beginning of a word and for stems within a word.

⁴As initial sound vo /vo/, in other respects o /o/. The reason is that the /v/ falls out in compounds f.e. որդի (ordi, /voɹˈtʰi/ (son), but քեռորդի (k‘eṙordi, /kʰeroɹˈtʰi/ (son of the uncle on the mother‘s side).

⁵Using reformed orthography, the name of <տ> is pronounced [tʼyun].

⁶In practice, only Iranian-Armenians say [ɹ]; Eastern Armenians from the Republic of Armenia have shifted the Classical Armenian [ɹ] (ր) to [ɾ].

⁷In reformed orthography, this letter has been replaced with the monophthong <ու> which represents [u].

⁸Usually it represents /v/ but there are some exceptions. 1. In Classical Armenian աւ at the beginning of a word (if followed by a consonant) represents /au/ (like in down), f.e. աւր (awr, /auɹ/, day). (Due to a sound shift in the Middle Ages this pronunciation has changed to /oɹ/ and since the 13^th century written as օր (ōr); 2. the original monophthong ու (representing /ov/ or /ou/) became /u/; 3. The monophthong իւ (iw) represents /ju/ (the spelling reform in Soviet Armenia replaced ի (i) with յ (y) and ւ (w) with ու (ow), forming the diphthong յու).

⁹Using reformed orthography, the name of <փ> is pronounced [pʰjuɾ].

[edit] Replacement of <Ւ> in reformed orthography

Under reformed Armenian orthography, the monophthong <ու> replaces <ւ> as the 34^th letter, and represents [u].

[edit] Punctuation marks

[edit] Transliteration

ISO 9985 (1996) transliterates the Armenian alphabet as follows:

a b g d e z ē ë t’ ž i l x ç k h j ġ č̣ m y n š o č p ǰ ṙ s v t r c’ w p’ k’ ò f

In linguistic literature on historical Armenian, slightly different systems are in use (in particular note that č has a different meaning). Hübschmann-Meillet (1913) have

a b g d e z ê ə t῾ ž i l x c k h j ł č m y n š o č῾ p ǰ r̄ s v t r c῾ w p῾ k῾ ô f

Both of these transliterations are for the Eastern Armenian dialect.

[edit] History and evolution

The Armenian alphabet was created by Saint Mesrop Mashtots in AD 405 primarily for a Bible translation in the Armenian language. Various scripts have been credited with being the prototype for the Armenian alphabet, including Pahlavi, Syriac, and Phoenician. However, the order of the letters suggests that it was likely based on the Greek alphabet.

Armenian has two different dialects: Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian. Both use the same alphabet but due to the Western Armenian sound shift some letters are pronounced in a different way. This matters for the following letters (further information in the chart below):

• Stop consonants
  • բ ([b] to [pʰ]) and պ ([p] to [b])
  • դ ([d] to [tʰ]) and տ ([t] to [d])
  • գ ([g] to [kʰ]) and կ ([k] to [g])

• Affricate consonants
  • ջ ([d͡ʒ] to [t͡ʃʰ]) and ճ ([t͡ʃ] to [d͡ʒ])
  • ձ ([d͡z] to [t͡sʰ]) and ծ ([t͡s] to [d͡z])

The number and order of the letters have changed over time. In the Middle Ages two new letters (օ [o], ֆ[f]) were introduced in order to better represent foreign sounds; this increased the number of letters from 36 to 38. Further more, the diphthong աւ at the beginning of a word (if followed by a consonant) used to be pronounced [au] (like in down) in Classical Armenian, f.e. աւր (awr, [auɹ], day). Due to a sound shift it became pronounced [oɹ] and is since the 13^th century written as օր (ōr). For this reason, today there are native Armenian words beginning with the letter օ (ō) although this letter was taken from the Greek alphabet to express the pronunciation of foreign words beginning with o [o].

From 1922 to 1924, Soviet Armenia adopted a Reformed spelling of the Armenian language. This generally did not change the pronunciation of individual letters, with some exceptions. The Armenian Diaspora (including Armenians in Lebanon and Iran) have rejected the Reformed spelling and continue to use the classical Mashdotsian spelling. They criticize some aspects (see the footnotes of the chart) and allege political motives behind the reform.

As Petross Ter Matossian from Columbia University informs, for about 250 years, from the early 18th century until around 1950, more than 2000 books were printed in the Turkish language using letters of the Armenian alphabet. Not only Armenians read Armeno-Turkish, but also the non-Armenian (including the Ottoman Turkish) elite. The Armenian alphabet was also used alongside the Arabic alphabet on official documents of the Ottoman Empire, but was written in the Ottoman language. For instance, the first novel to be written in the Ottoman Empire was 1851's Akabi, written in the Armenian script by Hovsep Vartan. Also, when the Armenian Duzoglu family managed the Ottoman mint during the reign of Abdulmejid, they kept records in the Armenian script, but in the Turkish language.

[edit] Character Encodings

[edit] Unicode

The Armenian alphabet is one of the five modern European alphabetic scripts identified in the Unicode standard version 4.0. (The other modern European alphabets are Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, and Georgian.) <ref>Unicode Code Charts and Unicode Standard, Chapter 7</ref> It is assigned the range U+0530–058F.

[edit] Obsolete

[edit] ArmSCII-8

ArmSCII-8 is the 8-bit encoding of the Armenian Standard Code for Information Interchange, developed between 1991 and 1999.<ref>Melikyan, Hovik. ARMENIAN STANDARD CODE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE -- ArmSCII. Retrieved on 2006-11-30.</ref> It uses part of the upper 128 codes in an 8-bit encoding to represent the Armenian alphabet, leaving the lower 128 codes for another alphabetic script (often Latin or Cyrillic). This allows a single font to represent two alphabetic scripts. For example, the latin characters could occupy part of the first 128 codes (e.g. ASCII) while the Armenian characters would occupy part of the upper 128 codes.

ArmSCII-8 was popular on the Windows 95 and Windows 98 operating systems. To be able to read in Armenian, users had to download a font that implements the ArmSCII-8 encoding. To be able to write in Armenian, users first had to download and install a freeware program that ran in the taskbar called "Armenian National Language Support."<ref>Melikyan, Hovik. Armenian National Language Support Version 2.0. Retrieved on 2006-11-30.</ref> With this program, a single font represent Armenian and one other alphabetic script (e.g. Latin) and the user would switch keyboard layout by using a keyboard shortcut (often Alt + Shift).

With the development of the more advanced Unicode standard and its availability on the Windows 2000/XP/2003 and Linux operating systems, the ArmSCII-8 encoding has been rendered obsolete. Nevertheless, ArmSCII-8 can still be found in use on some websites, which have not yet made the transition to Unicode.

[edit] Arasan-compatible

Arasan-compatible fonts are based on the encoding of the original Arasan font, which simply replaces the Latin characters (amongst others) of the ASCII encoding with Armenian ones. For example, the ASCII code for the latin character <A> (65) represents the Armenian character <Ա>.

An advantage of Arasan-compatible fonts over ArmSCII-8 fonts is that writing does not require the installation of a separate program; once the font is installed and selected for use, the user could use her QWERTY keyboard to type in Armenian. A disadvantage over ArmSCII-8 is that an Arasan-compatible font can only be used for one alphabetic script; therefore, the user must change the Font family when creating a multi-script document (e.g. both Armenian and English). Another disadvantage is that Arasan-compatible fonts only come in one keyboard layout: Western Armenian phonetic.

While Arasan-compatible fonts were popular among many users on Windows 95 and 98, it has been rendered obsolete by the Unicode standard. However, a few websites continue to use it.

The Arasan font's legacy is the phonetic Armenian keyboard layouts that ship with Windows 2000/XP/2003, which are almost identical to the Arasan keyboard layout.

[edit] Computer Fonts

The Armenian alphabet is available for use on personal computers in a variety of operating systems as installable fonts. The native Windows XP font Sylfaen implements the Unicode Armenian character set. The open source package DejaVu fonts implements the Armenian character set and is popular on Linux. Note that since they are portable, fonts from one operating system (e.g. Windows) may be installed on another (e.g. Linux).

[edit] Keyboard Layouts

An operating system can be configured to use a variety of keyboard layouts to suit the user's needs. For example, both English and Western Armenian keyboard layouts may be configured, with the user being able to switch between the two using a keyboard shortcut (often alt + shift).

[edit] Windows 2000/XP/2003

Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows 2003 ship with two Armenian language keyboard layouts: Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian.<ref>Windows Keyboard Layouts</ref> They are both based on the keyboard layout of a popular Armenian font for Windows 95 named Arasan. These keyboard layouts are generally phonetic. However, since some letters in the Armenian alphabet do not have an obvious corresponding character in the Latin alphabet, they are often approximated (for example, Խ maps to Q). Also, since there are more letters in the Armenian alphabet (38) than in Latin (26), some Armenian characters appear on non-alphabetic keys on a conventional English language keyboard (for example, շ maps to ,).

Armenian keyboard layouts for Windows 2000/XP/2003 created by third parties include the Armenian Phonetic Eastern and the Armenian Typewriter Eastern.<ref>Armenian Keyboard Layouts for Windows 2000/XP/2003 at ArmUnicode.org</ref>

Use of Armenian keyboard layouts on Windows 2000/XP/2003 systems require explicit configuration by the user.<ref>Installing Unicode Armenian Language Support on Microsoft Windows</ref>

[edit] Linux

Each Linux distribution may come pre-configured with a unique set of keyboard layouts. To provide some consistency amongst themselves, Linux distributions often pull their layouts from the XKeyboard Configuration component of Freedesktop.org. As of November, 2006, Freedesktop.org contains 5 Armenian keyboard layouts, including 2 layouts identical to the ones from Windows XP.<ref>XKeyboard Config CVS - the am file corresponds to the Armenian keyboard layout</ref> As of version 10.1, SUSE Linux supports 2 Armenian keyboard layouts; it does not include the Windows XP layouts, but it is possible to manually install these.<ref>Installing the new Armenian Keyboard layouts for GNU/Linux</ref>

Use of Armenian keyboard layouts on Linux usually requires explicit configuration by the user. Users of the GNOME desktop may do so by using the GNOME Keyboard Indicator applet.<ref>GNU/Linux: Typing in Armenian using GNOME</ref>

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• Armenian language
• Traditional Armenian orthography
• Reformed Armenian orthography
• Armenian calendar
• ISO 9985

[edit] External links

• theiling.de: Learn the Armenian alphabet online
• Armenian Apostolic (Orthodox) Church Library Online (in English, Armenian, and Russian)
• stnersess.edu: Bedross Der Matossian on the use of Armeno-Turkish

Unicode Support for Armenian

• Unicode Character Code Chart for Armenian
• transliteration schemes for the Armenian alphabet (transliteration.eki.ee)br:Lizherenneg an armenieg

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