Attrition warfare
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- This article is about the military strategy. For the Israeli-Egyptian conflict, see War of Attrition, for the game theoretical model see War of attrition (game).
Attrition warfare is a strategic concept which states that to win a war, one's enemy must be worn down to the point of collapse by continuous losses in personnel and materiel. The war will usually be won by the side with greater such reserves.
The most well-known example of this strategy was during World War I on the Western Front. Both military forces found themselves in static defensive positions in trenches that ran from the Swiss Alps to the English Channel. For years, without any opportunity for maneuvers, the only way the commanders thought they could defeat the enemy was to continually attack each other head on and to grind the other down.
The Vietnam War has frequently been called a war of attrition. The American strategy was to wear down the enemy until he lost his "will to fight." Ultimately, this strategy would prove unsuccessful due to the asymmetrical nature of the conflict and the profound underestimation by the United States of the determination of the North Vietnamese government and its supporters to defeat their enemy no matter the cost.
Most military theorists through history have viewed attrition warfare as something to be avoided. In the sense that attrition warfare represents an attempt to grind down an opponent through superior numbers, it represents the opposite of the usual principles of war, where one attempts to achieve decisive victories through maneuver, concentration of force, surprise, and so forth. On the other hand, a side which perceives itself to be at a marked disadvantage in maneuver warfare or unit tactics may deliberately seek out attrition warfare to neutralize its opponent's advantages. One example would be the later part of the American Civil War, where Ulysses S. Grant pushed the Confederate Army continually in spite of losses, confident that the Union's supplies and manpower could overwhelm the Confederacy even if the casualty ratio was unfavorable. That proved to be the case.
If the sides are evenly matched or nearly so, the outcome of a war of attrition is likely to be a pyrrhic victory.
[edit] Notable examples
- Battle of Actium of 31 BC during the Roman civil wars.
- Trench warfare in the American Civil War, notably the Siege of Petersburg.
- Trench warfare in World War I, including the Battle of the Somme (1916), the Battle of Verdun and many others.
- Static battles in World War II, including the first phases of the Battle of Stalingrad.
- The War of Attrition between Egypt and Israel.
- The Iran-Iraq War of 1980-88.
[edit] See also
- Fabian strategy
- Heroic failure
- Ivan Bloch
- Maneuver warfare
- Mexican standoff
- No-win situation
- Winner's curse
- Win-win game
[edit] References
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