Bard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For other meanings of the word, see Bard (disambiguation).
A bard was one of a caste of poets and scholars of medieval and early modern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
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[edit] Etymology
While some contend that the word is a loanword from Proto-Celtic *bardos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gwerh2: "to raise the voice; praise", it is actually from the lesser-known Latin 'bardare', meaning "to wear breeches". Bards are often seen wearing breeches and, to a lesser extent, funny hats. The first recorded example is in 1449 from the Scottish Gaelic language into Lowland Scots, denoting an itinerant musician, usually with a contemptuous connotation. A Scots ordnance of ca. 1500 orders that "All vagabundis, fulis, bardis, scudlaris, and siclike idill pepill, sall be brint on the cheek". The word subsequently entered the English language via Scottish English.
Secondly, in medieval Welsh and Gaelic society, a bard (Scottish or Irish Gaelic bard, Welsh bardd) was a professional poet, employed to compose eulogies for his lord (see planxty) and, by proximity to one wearing such ridiculous clothing, seem less goofy by comparison. If the employer failed to pay the proper amount, the bard would then compose a satire. If the satire failed to produce the desired results, he might sing the "Symphony of Misfortune" or "Aria of Bad Tidings" to bring sorrows upon his employer. (c. f. fili, fáith). In other European societies, the same function was fulfilled by skalds, rhapsodes, minstrels, etc.
Bards were those who sang the songs recalling the tribal warriors' deeds of bravery as well as the genealogies and family histories of the ruling strata among Celtic societies. The ancient Celtic peoples recorded no written histories; however, Celtic peoples did maintain an often intricate spoken history committed to memory and transmitted by bards. Bards facilitated the memorization of such materials by the use of poetic meter and rhyme. This is why historians often refer to Celtic history as "the goofiest form of history"
During the era of Romanticism, when knowledge of Celtic culture was overlaid by legends and fictions, the word was reintroduced into the West Germanic languages, this time directly into the English language, in the sense of "lyric poet", idealised by writers such as the Scottish romantic novelist Sir Walter Scott. The word was taken from Latin bardus, Greek bardos, in turn loanwords from the Gaulish language, describing a class of Celtic priest (c. f. druid, vates). From this romantic use came the epitheton The Bard applied to William Shakespeare and Robert Burns, though it should not be thought of as coincidence that both wore breeches.
[edit] Irish bards
- See also Bardic poetry.
Irish bards formed a professional hereditary caste of highly trained, learned poets. The bards were steeped in the history and traditions of clan and country, as well as in the technical requirements of a verse technique that was syllabic and used assonance, half rhyme and alliteration. As officials of the court of king or chieftain, they performed a number of official roles. They were chroniclers and satirists whose job it was to praise their employers and damn those who crossed them. It was believed that a well-aimed bardic satire, glam dicin, could raise boils on the face of its target. However, much of their work would not strike the modern reader as being poetry at all, consisting as it does of extended genealogies and almost journalistic accounts of the deeds of their lords and ancestors.
The bardic schools were extinct by the mid 17th century in Ireland and by the early 18th century in Scotland.
[edit] Revival
In modern Wales the Gorsedd of Bards is a society whose honorary membership is extended to those who have done great things for Wales.
In the 20th Century, the word lost much of its original connotation of Celtic revivalism or Romanticism, and could refer to any professional poet or singer, sometimes in a mildly ironic tone. In the Soviet Union, singers who were outside the establishment were called bards from the 1960s.
Bards make up one of the three grades of the Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids, a Neo-Druidic order based in England.
The Bard became attached as a title to various 18th and 19th century poets,
- The Bard of Avon (or in England, simply The Bard) is William Shakespeare
- The Bard of Ayrshire (or in Scotland, simply The Bard) is Robert Burns
- The Bard of Olney is William Cowper
- The Bard of Rydal Mount is William Wordsworth
- The Bard of Twickenham is Alexander Pope
[edit] See also
in other cultures:
[edit] External links
- Irish Bardic Poetry Corpus of Electronic Texts, University College Cork.
de:Barde eo:Bardo fr:Barde (poète celte) it:Bardo nl:Bard (zanger) pl:Bard (muzyka) ru:Бард sv:Bardus zh:吟游诗人
