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Battle of Kosovo

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This page is about the Battle of Kosovo of 1389; for other battles, see Battle of Kosovo (disambiguation).
Battle of Kosovo
Image:Battle on Kosovo1389.jpg
Battle on Kosovo, by Adam Stefanović, oil, 1870
Date June 15, 1389 (Julian calendar)
Location Kosovo Field, Serbia
Result Draw in military terms, both sides lost many men. In the coming years, Kosovo as a whole was occupied by the Ottomans..
Combatants
Ottoman Empire Serbia, Bosnia
Commanders
Murad I †
Bayezid I
Yakub 		Lazar Hrebeljanović †
Vuk Branković
Vlatko Vuković
Strength
~ 27,000 - 40,000 ~ 12,000 - 30,000 <ref name=Sedlar>Sedlar, Jean W.. East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. University of Washington Press, 244. “...Nearly the entire Christian fighting force (between 12,000 and 20,000 men) had been present at Kosovo, while the Ottomans (with 27,000 to 30,000 on the battlefield) retained numerous reserves in Anatolia...”</ref><ref name=Cox>Cox, John K.. The History of Serbia. Greenwood Press, 30. “...The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Christian soldiers...”</ref><ref name=Cowley>Cowley, Robert. The Reader's Compagnion to Military History. Houghton Mifflin Books, 249. “...On June 28, 1389, an Ottoman army of between thirty thousand and forty thousand under the command of Sultan Murad I defeated an army of Balkan allies numbering twenty-five thousand to thirty thousand under the command of Prince Lazar of Serbia at Kosovo Polije (Blackbird's Field) in the central Balkans...”</ref><ref name=VE9-0> (1972) “Kosovska bitka”, Vojna Enciklopedija (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade: Vojnoizdavački zavod, 659-660.</ref>
Casualties
Unknown (probably high) Very high

The Battle of Kosovo (Serbian Cyrillic: Косовски бој or Бој на Косову, see also names in other languages) was fought on St Vitus' Day (June 15, now celebrated on 28) 1389 between the coalition of Serb lords and the Ottoman Empire.

Reliable historical accounts of this battle are scarce<ref name=VE9> (1972) “Kosovska bitka”, Vojna Enciklopedija (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade: Vojnoizdavački zavod, 659.</ref>, however a critical examination of them and comparison with similar contemporary battles (such as the Battle of Angora or Nikopolis) enables for a reliable reconstruction<ref name=VE9/>.

[edit] Preparations

[edit] Army movement

Murad gathered his troops in Philippoupolis (Plovdiv) in the spring of 1389<ref name=VE9/>, and arrived in Ihtiman after a three-day long march<ref name=VE9/>. From there, he chose the route across Velbužd (Kyustendil) and Kratovo<ref name=VE9/>. Though longer than the alternative route across Sofia and Nišava valley which would give him direct acces to Lazar's lands, it led him to Kosovo, which was strategically important as one of the most importand trade crossroads on the Balkans<ref name=VE9/>: from Kosovo Murad could attack either Lazar's or Vuk's lands. After staying in Kratovo for a while Murad passed across Kumanovo, Preševo and Gnjilane to Priština, where he arrived on June 14<ref name=VE9/>.

There are less data about Lazar's preparations, but it could be assumed that he gathered his troops near Niš, possibly on the right bank of the Južna Morava<ref name=VE9/>. He likely stayed there until he learned that Murad moved to Velbužd, when he too moved, probably across Prokuplje, to Kosovo<ref name=VE9/>. Lazar arrived to the Kosovo Field right after Murad's arrival to Priština<ref name=VE9/>. This was the optimal choice for the battlefield as it controlled all possible direction Murad could take<ref name=VE9/>.

[edit] Army composition

...if all of us would now turn to salt,
we couldn't even salt the Turk's lunch...
—Kosančić Ivan, Serbian epic poetry

It is not certain how large the armies were, especially as later sources tend to exagerrate on their size, launching it into hundreds of thousands<ref name=VE0> (1972) “Kosovska bitka”, Vojna Enciklopedija (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade: Vojnoizdavački zavod, 660.</ref>.

Murad's army might have numbered 27-40,000<ref name=Sedlar/><ref name=Cox/><ref name=Cowley/><ref name=VE9/>. Taking the 40,000 estimate, it probably included some 5,000 Janissaries, 2,500 of Murad's cavalry guard, 6,000 spahis, 20,000 azaps and akincis and 8,000 of his vassals<ref name=VE9/>. Lazar's might have 12-30,000<ref name=Sedlar/><ref name=Cox/><ref name=Cowley/><ref name=VE9-0/>. Taking the estimate of 25,000, some 15,000 were under Lazar's command, 5,000 Vuk's, and as much of Vlatko's<ref name=VE9-0/>. Of those, several thousands were cavalry, but perhaps only several hundreds were clad in full plate armour<ref name=VE0/>.

Both armies included some foreign troops: Serbian included Croatian ban Ivan Paližna with a small number of troops, probably as a part of Bosnian contingent<ref name=VE0/> while Turkish was helped by Serbian noble Konstantin Dejanović<ref name=VE0/>. This led some authors to describe the armies as coalitions.

[edit] The Battle

Image:Kosovo Field.svg

[edit] Troop disposition

The armies met at Kosovo Field.

Center of the Turkish army was led by Murad, while Bayezid was on the right wing and Yakub on the left<ref name=VE0/>. Around 1,000 archers were in the first line of the wings, followed with azaps and then akincis; in the front of the center were janissary, behind whom was Murad, surrounded with his cavalry guard; finally, logistics was in the back, guarded by a small number of troops<ref name=VE0/>.

Serbian army had Lazar at the center, Vuk at his right wing and Vlatko as left<ref name=VE0/>. In the front of the Serbian army was cavalry, while infantry was in the back<ref name=VE0/>. While paralell, the disposition was not symmetric, as Serbian center overlapped the Turkish<ref name=VE0/>.

[edit] Start

When torrent of arrows landed on Serbian armsmen
who until then stood motionless like mountains of iron,
they rode forward, rolling and thundering like the sea.
—Mehmet Neşri

The battle started with Turkish archers shooting at Serbian cavalry which then moved into attack<ref name=VE0/>. They managed to break through Turkish left wing, but weren't as successful against center and right wing<ref name=VE0/>. Even the left wing wasn't as defeated as it was simply pushed back<ref name=VE0/>.

[edit] Murad's death

Murad's death is disputed to this day, with one account being he was assassinated by Milos Obilic, who made his way into the Turkish camp on the pretext of being a deserter and forced his way into the Sultan's tent and stabbed him with a poisoned dagger. Regardless of how Murad died, the confusion that followed was eventually quelled by Bayezid, the Sultan's son. For the death of the Sultan, the Ottomans killed many of their prisoners.

[edit] Turkish counterattack

The Balkans coalition initially gained advantage after their first charge, which heavily damaged the Turkish wing commanded by Jakub Celebi. In the center, the Christian fighters managed to push Ottoman forces back with only Bayezid's wing holding off the forces commanded by Vlatko Vuković. The Ottomans in a counter attack pushed Balkans forces back and prevailed later in the day.

[edit] The Outcome

Due to inadequate reliable historical sources, the result of the battle is not clear. Though the Ottomans managed to push the Serbian forces back, they didn't move further to conquer Kosovo right after the battle. Instead, they retreated. This was due to the death of Sultan Murad; the new sultan Bayezid had to go to the capital to be crowned. On the other hand, some Serbian nobles started paying tribute and supplying soldier to the Ottomans after the battle, while some didn't. Therefore it is not a clear victory or defeat. However, Ottomans had the initiative now since the toll on the Serbian side was heavy.

[edit] Aftermath

Image:TheKosovoMaiden.jpg

Both armies sustained heavy casualties and both armies withdrew from the battlefield, but the toll on the Christians, especially on Serbia, was catastrophic as much of their political elite was wiped out. Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović was taken prisoner and executed.

It is said that before the Battle Milos Obilic told to Lazar: "For thy goblet I thank you. For thy speech, Tsar Lazar, I thank you not... Tomorrow, in the battle of Kosovo, I will perish fighting for the Christian faith." He is now held as an epic legend by many Balkans people, while his origin or existence has not been verified yet. He is often regarded as a Serb.

[edit] References

<references />

[edit] External links

bs:Kosovska bitka da:Slaget på Solsortesletten de:Schlacht auf dem Amselfeld es:Batalla de Kosovo fr:Bataille de Kosovo Polje it:Battaglia di Kosovo Polje lt:Kosovo mūšis nl:Slag op het Merelveld ja:コソボの戦い no:Slaget ved Kosovo Polje pl:Bitwa na Kosowym Polu (1389) sq:Beteja e Kosovës sl:Bitka na Kosovem polju sr:Косовска битка sv:Slaget vid Kosovo Polje tr:I. Kosova Savaşı zh:科索沃战役

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