Billy Graham
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- This article is about a U.S. evangelist, for persons with the same or similar name, see Bill Graham (disambiguation)
The Rev. Dr. William Franklin Graham, Jr. (born November 7 1918), commonly known as Billy Graham, is an American Protestant Christian evangelist. He has been a spiritual adviser to multiple U.S. presidents and was number 7 on Gallup's list of admired people for the 20th century. He is one of the most prominent members of the Southern Baptist Convention.
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[edit] Biography
[edit] Early life and family
Born in Charlotte, North Carolina, Billy Graham was raised in the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church by his parents, Frank Graham and Morrow Coffey Graham, and changed denominations to Southern Baptist in 1934 during a Christian revival meeting, conducted by Mordecai Ham. Graham was ordained a Southern Baptist minister in 1939.
After graduating from Sharon High School in May 1936, Graham attended Bob Jones College (now Bob Jones University) but found it to be extremely fundamentalist and, considering this disobliging, he transferred to the Florida Bible Institute, now Trinity College of Florida, in 1937 and graduated from Wheaton College in 1943. It was during his time at Wheaton that Graham decided to take the Bible as the infallible word of God. Henrietta Mears [1] of the First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood was instrumental in helping Graham wrestle with the issue, which was settled at Forest Home Christian camp (now called Forest Home Ministries) southeast of the Big Bear area in Southern California. A simple memorial there still marks the site of Graham's decision.
In 1943, Graham married Ruth Graham, whose parents were Christian missionaries in China where her father Dr. L. Nelson Bell was a general surgeon. Today, Graham and his wife have three daughters, two sons (including Franklin Graham, who now administers his organization, and Anne Graham Lotz, who runs AnGeL ministries), 19 grandchildren and 28 great-grandchildren. Although Graham is Southern Baptist he has embraced the doctrine of infant baptism which is accepted by the majority of Christians (but not Southern Baptist) and all of Graham's children were baptized as infants.
[edit] Ministry
Graham joined Youth for Christ after graduating from Wheaton. He traveled throughout the United States and Europe as an evangelist. Graham scheduled a series of missions in Los Angeles in 1949. The missions went on for 8 weeks after being originally scheduled for only 3 weeks. This happened on many other of his early missions. He had missions in London which lasted 12 weeks, and a New York City mission in Madison Square Garden in 1957 which ran nightly for 16 weeks.
He also led a very successful crusade (the first of several) in Australia in 1959. This crusade was regarded as being the most effective preaching of the gospel in Australian history and its effects led to the church growing consistently over the next 15 years and numerous new churches being founded. Many home Bible groups that were formed lasted 35 years or more.
According to Ben Bagdikian's The Media Monopoly, Graham was catapulted out of obscurity by news moguls William Randolph Hearst and Henry Luce who thought that Graham would be helpful in promoting their conservative anti-communist views. Hearst sent a telegram to his editors reading "Puff Graham", while Luce put him on the cover of TIME in 1954.
Graham served as the President of Northwestern College in Minnesota from 1948 to 1952. He founded the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association in 1950, headquartered in Minneapolis. The Association later relocated to Charlotte, N.C. BGEA Ministries have included:
- Hour of Decision, a weekly radio program broadcast around the world for over 50 years
- Mission television specials which are regularly broadcast in prime time in almost every market in the U.S. and Canada
- A newspaper column, My Answer, carried by newspapers across the United States
- Decision magazine, the official publication of the Association
- Founded Christianity Today in 1956 with Carl F. H. Henry as its first editor
- Passageway.org, the teen website of the BGEA
- World Wide Pictures, which has produced and distributed over 130 productions
Throughout his ministry, Graham had a reputation for holding crusades in places other evangelists considered impossible. During the Cold War, Graham spoke to large crowds in countries throughout Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union. During Apartheid in South Africa, Graham would not speak unless the crowds were allowed to sit desegregated. Graham was also one of the few preachers allowed to speak in North Korea.
On June 24 2005, Billy Graham began what he has said would be his last North American crusade, at Flushing Meadows Park in New York City. But, on the weekend of March 11–12, 2006 Billy Graham held the "Festival of Hope", together with his son, Franklin Graham. The festival was held in New Orleans, which was recently hit by Hurricane Katrina. Over 1,360 were converted during the weekend event, supported by 215 churches across the New Orleans metro area.
Graham said that his planned retirement was due to his failing health. He has suffered from Parkinson's disease for about 15 years, has had fluid on the brain, pneumonia, broken hips, and recently revealed that he is suffering from prostate cancer.
In August 2005, a frail Graham appeared at the groundbreaking for his library in Charlotte, North Carolina. Then 86, the Rev. Graham was forced to use a walker to get around during the ceremony.
On July 9, 2006, Graham spoke at the Metro Maryland Franklin Graham Festival, held in Baltimore, Maryland, at Oriole Park at Camden Yards.
Billy Graham has preached Christianity to live audiences of over 210 million people in more than 185 countries and territories through various meetings including Mission World and Global Mission. Graham also reached hundreds of millions more through television, video, film, and webcasts.
[edit] Crusades
Billy Graham is best known for his evangelistic crusades. He began this form of ministry in 1947 and continued until recently. Most of the planning is now by his son, Franklin Graham and some youth crusades are by his grandson, Will Graham, but Billy often still speaks at them. He often rents out a large venue, such as a stadium, park, or street, and packs it with people. He has an army of up to 5,000 people to sing in a choir and then preaches the gospel and invites people to come forward. These people, called inquirers, are then given the opportunity to speak one-on-one with a counselor who clarifies any questions the inquirer may have and prays with that person. The inquirers are often also given some resources such as a Gospel of John or Bible study booklet to help them grow in their faith. Billy Graham has done over forty-one crusades since 1948.
[edit] Politics
Politically, Graham has been a registered member of the Democratic Party, although in recent years he has adopted a flexible position, choosing to cast his vote with either party, depending on which he considers most appropriate at the time. He has had close relationships with Lyndon B. Johnson, Bill Clinton, and the Bush family. Just two days before the 2000 presidential election, Graham spoke at a prayer breakfast in Florida with George W. Bush in attendance and stopped short of formally endorsing him. Nevertheless his words were widely viewed as an endorsement.
The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association offers the following statement with regard to his politics:
- It is true that many, many years ago Mr. Graham registered as a Democrat. However, throughout the years he has voted for the candidate he believes will do the best job. In other words, he has not voted a straight party ticket. Mr. Graham takes his responsibility to vote for the leaders of our country with the same prayerful seriousness that he takes other significant decisions.
- Mr. Graham has always maintained an optimistic attitude toward people. He seeks the good and emphasizes what is positive, even if he does not agree with them on many points, including moral or political issues. Mr. Graham's comments sometimes are not presented in the complete context in which they were made; while at other times, he himself would perhaps wish he might have phrased things a bit differently. However, he does not presently and never has condoned or defended immoral conduct.
- Mr. Graham's lifelong calling has been to proclaim the Gospel of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ throughout the world. As you are aware, he has been faithful to this mission. He has not compromised his message.
According to a 2006 Newsweek interview, "For Graham, politics is a secondary to the Gospel... When NEWSWEEK asked Graham whether ministers — whether they think of themselves as evangelists, pastors or a bit of both — should spend time engaged with politics, he replied: 'You know, I think in a way that has to be up to the individual as he feels led of the Lord. A lot of things that I commented on years ago would not have been of the Lord, I'm sure, but I think you have some—like communism, or segregation, on which I think you have a responsibility to speak out.'"
Graham has been very outspoken against communism and generally supportive of U.S. Cold War policy, including the Vietnam War. However, in a 1999 speech, Graham discussed his relationship with the late North Korean dictator Kim Il Sung, praising him as a "different kind of communist" and "one of the great fighters for freedom in his country against the Japanese." Graham went on to note that although he'd never met Kim's son and current North Korean dictator Kim Jong Il, he had "exchanged gifts with him."
[edit] Links to Freemasonry
Graham attended a 33rd degree initiation ceremony in 1966. As these rites are not usually open to the public, this has fueled speculation that Graham may be, or may have been, a Freemason himself [2].
[edit] Controversy
[edit] Alleged antisemitism
In 2002, declassified "Richard Nixon tapes" revealed remarks made by Graham to President Richard M. Nixon decades earlier. Graham openly voiced his belief that Jews control the American media, calling it a "stranglehold" during a 1972 conversation with Nixon. "This stranglehold has got to be broken or the country's going down the drain," said Graham, agreeing with Nixon's comments about Jews and their influence in American life. Later, Graham mentions that he has friends in the media who are Jewish, saying they "swarm around me and are friendly to me." But, he confides to Nixon, "They don't know how I really feel about what they're doing to this country." These remarks were highly controversial, with Jewish organizations characterizing them as antisemitic.
When the tapes were released, Graham apologized for his remarks, stating that "although I have no memory of the occasion, I deeply regret comments I apparently made ... They do not reflect my views, and I sincerely apologize for any offense caused by the remarks. If it wasn't on tape, I would not have believed it. I guess I was trying to please... I went to a meeting with Jewish leaders and I told them I would crawl to them to ask their forgiveness." According to Newsweek magazine, "the shock of the revelation was magnified because of Graham's longtime support of Israel and his refusal to join in calls for the conversion of the Jews."[citation needed]
[edit] Other issues
- Although rarely directly involved in politics, Graham has been noted over the years for his support for hawkish U.S. foreign policies, particularly with regard to communism. In a covertly recorded 1972 "Richard Nixon tape," Graham suggested President Nixon "should step up the war and bomb the dikes" in North Vietnam and Cambodia. According to some, targeting infrastructure in the manner suggested by this context may have meant a breach of international agreements such as the Geneva Conventions, even perhaps constituting a war crime if the advice was followed. Before the start of the (first) Gulf War, President George H. W. Bush and his wife Barbara invited Billy Graham to the White House to obtain his advice on the matter, allegedly fearing that the war would result in deaths of many civilians, including children. Reverend Graham based his spiritual counsel on the Augustinian doctrine of the just war.
- Most biographers state that Graham has always been careful to receive reasonable compensation far below what other television evangelists would later receive. Rev. Graham, along with his associates that he called the "Team," created in 1948 what one of them called, "The Modesto Manifesto," because they produced it in Modesto, California. They decided amongst themselves to avoid certain problems that gave evangelists a bad name. The first item on the list was a matter of money, to which Graham was sensitive, due to the practices of some unscrupulous evangelists. (The "manifesto" proceeded to note the dangers of sexual immorality, criticism of local churches, and exaggerated publicity.)<ref>http://wallwatchers.org/mw2.1/F_SumRpt.asp?EIN=410692230</ref> <ref>http://reference.aol.com/history/biography/_a/billy-graham/20050413141109990014</ref>. The official biography of Graham is John C. Pollock, Billy Graham: The Authorized Biography (1966). Other helpful biographical studies include William G. McLoughlin, Billy Graham: Revivalist in a Secular Age (1960), Curtis Mitchell, Billy Graham: The Making of a Crusader (1966), The Reader's Companion to American History (1997), Gospel Communications Network (GCN), Time Daily (Nov. 95), and People (1997).<ref>http://reference.aol.com/history/biography/_a/billy-graham/20050413141109990014</ref>
- Though Graham claims to be a Southern Baptist, his children were all baptized as infants in the Montreat Presbyterian Church in Montreat, North Carolina. Southern Baptists generally believe that baptism is for believers only and that infants are not proper candidates for baptism. LifeWay Christian Resources of the Southern Baptist Convention plans on placing a memorial for Billy Graham at their Tennessee headquarters; however, some Southern Baptist pastors oppose such a memorial because of Graham's position on baptism.
[edit] Awards and honors
Billy Graham has received the Congressional Gold Medal; the Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion; and the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation Freedom Award for contributions to the cause of faith and freedom.
He has received the Big Brother of the Year Award for his work on behalf of the welfare of children. He has been cited by the George Washington Carver Memorial Institute for his contributions to race relations. He has also been recognized by the Anti-Defamation League of the B'nai B'rith and the National Conference of Christians and Jews for his efforts to foster a better understanding among all faiths.
For providing a platform during his events for many Christian musical artists — many new to singing and songwriting and others not so new — Billy Graham was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1999 by the Gospel Music Association.
On September 14, 2001 in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks, Dr. Graham led a prayer and remembrance service at Washington National Cathedral attended by President George W. Bush and past and present leaders.
In December 2001 he was presented with an honorary knighthood, Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE), for his international contributions to civic and religious life over 60 years.
Graham has been the minister to several presidents, including speaking at one presidential funeral and one presidential burial. Graham presided over the graveside services for former president Lyndon Johnson in 1973 and took part in eulogizing the former president with former Texas Democratic governor John Connally, an LBJ protégé and fellow Texan who was wounded in the assassination that made LBJ president. Graham also spoke at Connally's funeral and the funeral of former first lady Pat Nixon within one week of each other in June of 1993. He also spoke at the funeral of Richard Nixon in 1994. Graham was unable to officiate the state funeral of Ronald Reagan on June 11, 2004 due to recent double hip replacement surgery, which former President George H.W. Bush acknowledged during his own eulogy. Graham had been Reagan's first choice. Because Graham was hospitalized, Rev. John Danforth, Missouri Republican senator in Reagan's day, officiated the funeral.
[edit] Quotes
- "I believe the Bible is the inspired, authoritative word of God but I don't use the word 'inerrant' because it's become a brittle divisive word." (Billy Graham, Newsweek magazine, April 26, 1982, in a debate on the issue of biblical infallibility.)
- "Sodomites are born sodomites, it is in their genes" (Billy Graham, December 1994 on the Larry King Live).
- "When you read in the paper 'Billy Graham is dead' know that I will be with my Father in Heaven." Halifax, Nova Scotia 1978
- "Yes, the Bible teaches that there is coming a climactic point in history. The end of the world system as we know it is definitely on the horizon." October 11, 1958
- "My one purpose in life is to help people find a personal relationship with God, which, I believe, comes through knowing Christ."
- "If you find a perfect church don't join it: You'd spoil it."
- "After watching The Passion of the Christ, I feel as if I have actually been there. I was moved to tears. I doubt if there has ever been a more graphic and moving presentation of Jesus' death and resurrection."
- "Your mind cannot possibly understand God. Your heart already knows."
- "I have one message: Jesus Christ came; He died on a cross; He rose again. He asks us to repent of our sins and receive Him by faith as Lord and Savior. And if we do, we have forgiveness of all our sins."
- (Whilst being covertly recorded in conversation with Richard Nixon) "A lot of Jews are great friends of mine. They swarm around me and are friendly to me, because they know that I am friendly to Israel and so forth, but they don't know how I really feel about what they're doing to this country, and I have no power and no way to handle them."
- (On being shown the content of the covert recording of his conversation with Richard Nixon) "They do not reflect my views and I sincerely apologize for any offense caused by the remarks," he said. "I cannot imagine what caused me to make those comments . …I was wrong for not disagreeing with the President. My remarks did not reflect my love for the Jewish people. I humbly ask the Jewish community to reflect on my actions on behalf of Jews over the years that contradict my words in the Oval Office that day."
- "I urge everyone to examine themselves and renew their own hearts before God," he said. "Of greater import or concern than any tapes made in the White House, each of us must face the fact that God has 'tapes' that record not only our actions but also our thoughts and our intent."
- "I believe God has always had a special relationship with the Jewish people, as St. Paul suggests in the book of Romans. In my evangelistic efforts I have never felt called to single out the Jews as Jews nor to single out any other particular groups, cultural, ethnic, or religious."
- About Christianity and Judaism: "We have grown. The two don’t see the vast differences and hold the prejudices they did. People have friends across all kinds of lines."
- "God is like the wind, You can feel the effects of the wind but you cannot see it."
[edit] External links
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- Billy Graham Evangelistic Association
- Billy Graham Books & Publications
- Anti-Semitic charges
- Original source of anti-Semitic charges
- Financial summary of Billy Graham Evangelistic Association
- Biofile: Billy Graham, a biography page
- Billy Graham Evangelistic Association's Youth Camp, at headquarters in Asheville, NC
- Chart of Executive Salaries paid to leading Christian Ministries
- Streaming video clip from famous 1957 event in Times Square
- Billy Graham Evangelistic Association Newsroom
- CNT Billy Graham
- New York journalist goes to Graham's crusade and the gay pride march
[edit] References
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