Biogas
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Image:Biogas-Linienbus.jpg Biogas typically refers to a (biofuel) gas produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of organic matter including manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, biodegradable waste or any other biodegradable feedstock, under anaerobic conditions. Biogas is comprised primarily of methane and carbon dioxide.
Depending on where it is produced, biogas is also called:
Biogas can be used as a vehicle fuel or for generating electricity.
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[edit] Biogas and anaerobic digestion
Biogas production by anaerobic digestion is popular for treating biodegradable waste because valuable fuel can be produced while destroying disease-causing pathogens and reducing the volume of disposed waste. The methane in biogas combusts more cleanly than coal, and produces more energy with less emissions of carbon dioxide. The harvesting of biogas is an important role of waste management because methane is a greenhouse gas with a greater global warming potential than carbon dioxide. The carbon in biogas was generally recently extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic plants, so releasing it back into the atmosphere adds less total atmospheric carbon than the burning of fossil fuels.
Recently, developed countries have been making increasing use of biogas generated from both wastewater and landfill sites or produced by mechanical biological treatment systems for municipal waste. High energy prices and increases in subsidies for electricity generated from renewable energy (such as renewables obligation certificates) and drivers such as the EU Landfill Directive have led to much higher utilisation of biogas sources.
[edit] Landfill gas
Landfill gas is produced from organic waste disposed of in landfill. The waste is covered and compressed mechanically and by the pressure of higher levels. As conditions become anaerobic the organic waste is broken down and landfill gas is produced. This gas builds up and is slowly released into the atmosphere. This is hazardous for three key reasons:
- Risk of explosion
- Global warming through methane as a greenhouse gas
- Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as precursor to photochemical smog
[edit] Biogas typical composition range
The composition of biogas varies depending upon the origin of the anaerobic digestion process. Landfill gas typically has methane concentrations around 50%. Advanced waste treatment technologies can produce biogas with 55-75%CH4 <ref>Juniper Biogas Yield Comparison</ref>.
| Matter | % |
|---|---|
| Methane, CH4 | 55-75 |
| Carbon dioxide, CO2 | 25-45 |
| Nitrogen, N2 | 0-0.3 |
| Hydrogen, H2 | 1-5 |
| Hydrogen sulphide, H2S | 0-3 |
| Oxygen, O2 | 0.1-0.5 |
[edit] Siloxanes and gas engines
In some cases, landfill gas contains siloxanes. During combustion of biogas containing siloxanes, silicon is released and can combine with free oxygen or various other elements in the combustion gas. Deposits are formed containing mostly silica (<math>SiO_{2}</math>) or silicates (<math>Si_{x}O_{y}</math>) in general, but can also contain calcium, sulphur, zinc, phosphor… as indicated by the analysis piston scrapings from biogas-fired engines. These (mostly white) deposits can ultimately build to a surface thickness of several millimetres and are difficult to remove by chemical or mechanical means.
In internal combustion engines deposits on pistons and cylinder heads are extremely abrasive and even a small amount is sufficient to cause enough damage to the engine to require a complete overhaul at 5,000 h or less of operation. The damage is similar to that caused by carbon build up during light load running of diesel engines. Deposits on the turbine of the turbocharger will eventually reduce the charger’s efficiency.
Stirling engines are more resistant against siloxanes, though deposits on the tubes of the heat exchanger will reduce the efficiency.<ref>Presentation - Siloxanes in landfill gas</ref><ref>Paper - Siloxanes in landfill and digester gas</ref>
[edit] Biogas to natural gas
If biogas is cleaned up sufficiently, biogas has the same characteristics as natural gas. In this instance the producer of the biogas can utilise the local gas distribution networks. The gas must be very clean to reach pipeline quality. Water (H2O), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and particulates are removed if present at high levels or if the gas is to be completely cleaned. Carbon dioxide is less frequently removed, but it must also be separated to achieve pipeline quality gas. If the gas is to be used without extensively cleaning, it is sometimes cofired with natural gas to improve combustion. Biogas cleaned up to pipeline quality is called renewable natural gas.
[edit] Applications of renewable natural gas
In this form the gas can be now used in any application that natural gas is used for. Such applications include distribution via the natural gas grid, electricity production, space heating, water heating and process heating. If compressed, it can replace compressed natural gas for use in vehicles, where it can fuel an internal combustion engine or fuel cells.
[edit] Landfill gas legislation
[edit] Europe
[edit] United States
In the US because landfill gas contains these VOCs the United States Clean Air Act, and Part 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs), requires landfill owners to estimate the quantity of VOCs emitted. If the estimated VOC emissions exceeds 50 tonnes, then the landfill owner is required to collect the landfill gas, and treat it to remove the entrained VOCs. Usually, treatment is by combustion of the landfill gas. Because of the remoteness of landfill sites, it is sometimes not economically feasible to produce electricity from the gas.
[edit] See also
- Anaerobic digestion
- Biodegradability
- Biofuel
- Biogas powerplant
- Landfill gas monitoring
- List of waste management topics
- Mechanical Biological Treatment
- Renewable energy
- Renewable natural gas
- Waste management
[edit] External links
- AGORES - Biogas Biofuel Lille (PDF)
- AGORES - Biogas Biofuel Stockholm (PDF)
- University of Adelaide - An Introduction to Biogas
[edit] References
<references/>
- "Friendly fuel trains". (Oct. 30, 2005). New Straits Times, p. F17.
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