Bosnian language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Bosnian Bosanski | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Bosnia and Herzegovina; Serbia (mostly in Sandžak); Montenegro; Croatia; Republic of Macedonia (a majority in Lažani); Slovenia; Turkey (by diasporans dating back to 1960s) | |
| Region: | The Balkans | |
| Total speakers: | 2.7 million | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Slavic South Slavic Western South Slavic Bosnian | |
| Official status | ||
| Official language of: | Bosnia and Herzegovina, also in Sandžak (in Serbia and Montenegro), at municipal level. | |
| Regulated by: | no official regulation | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | bs | |
| ISO 639-2: | bos | |
| ISO/FDIS 639-3: | bos | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
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The Bosnian language (bosanski jezik) is one of the standard versions of the Central-South Slavic diasystem, based on the Štokavian dialect. The language is spoken by Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the region of Sandžak (in Serbia and Montenegro) and elsewhere. It is based on the Western variant of the Štokavian dialect. The Bosnian alphabet is based on Latin. Cyrillic alphabet is accepted (chiefly to accommodate for its usage in Bosnia in the past, during the time of former Yugoslavia), but seldom used in today's practice. The name Bosnian language is the commonly accepted name among Bosniak linguists, and the name used by the ISO-639 standard.
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[edit] History
Bosnian language uses both Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. A less standardised script has also been used, so it had more versions and names: Bosančica, Bosnian Cyrillic, Begovica (used by Bosniak nobility). Bosniaks have also used an Arabic script called Arabica.
Early "international" mentioning of the Bosnian language: the summer of year 1300 - is found in the work of "Skazanie iziavlieno o pismenah" (History of written languages), by the most well known traveling Eastern Roman author at the time, Constantin Filosof.
Another early mentioning of Bosnian language is: July 3rd 1436. - where in the region of Kotor, a duke bought a girl that is described as :"Bosnian woman, heretic and in Bosnian language called Djevena"
One of the oldest South Slavic documents is as well the Bosnian statehood charter from 1189, written by Bosnian ruler Kulin Ban.
The irony of the Bosnian language is that its speakers are, on the level of colloquial idiom, more linguistically homogenous than either Serbs or Croats, but failed, due to historical reasons, to standardize their language in the crucial 19th century. The first Bosnian dictionary, a rhymed Bosnian-Turkish glossary authored by Muhamed Hevaji Uskufi, was composed in 1631.
But unlike Croatian dictionaries, which were written and published regularly, Uskufi's work remained an isolated foray. At least two factors were decisive:
- The Bosniak elite wrote almost exclusively in foreign (Arabic, Turkish, Persian) languages. Vernacular literature, written in modified Arabic script, was thin and sparse.
- The Bosniaks' national emancipation lagged behind that of the Serbs and Croats, and since denominational rather than cultural or linguistic issues played the pivotal role, a Bosnian language project didn't arouse much interest or support.
Prescriptions for the language of Bosniaks in the 19th and 20th centuries were written outside of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Probably the most authentic Bosniak writers (the so-called "Bosniak revival" at the turn of the century) wrote in an idiom that is closer to the Croatian form than to the Serbian one (western Štokavian-Ijekavian idiom, Latin script), but which possessed unmistakably recognizable Bosniak traits, primarily lexical ones. The main authors of the "Bosniak renaissance" were the polymath, politician and poet Safvet-beg Bašagić, the "poète maudit" Musa Ćazim Ćatić and the storyteller Edhem Mulabdić.
In the days of Communist Yugoslavia the lexis was Serbianized but the Latin script became dominant; the official name was Serbo-Croatian. After the collapse of Yugoslavia Bosnians remained the sole inheritors of the Serbo-Croatian hybrid.
On a formal level, the Bosnian language is beginning to take a distinctive shape: lexically, Islamic-Oriental loan words are becoming more frequent; phonetically and phonologically, the phoneme "h" is reinstated in many words as a distinct feature of Bosniak speech and language tradition; also, there are some changes in grammar, morphology and orthography that reflect the Bosniak pre-World War I literary tradition, mainly that of the Bosniak renaissance at the beginning of the 20th century.
[edit] Controversy
The name for the language is a controversial issue for neighbouring Croats and Serbs. Croats and Serbs call their languages Croatian and Serbian. The constitution of the Republika Srpska, where the language is also official, refers to it as the "Language spoken by Bosniaks" ("Jezik kojim govore Bošnjaci"). The use of the language will remain an issue as the three entities of Bosnia and Hercegovina will continue to call the spoken language that which identifies their ethnic background. Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) choose the language Bosnian, Serbs continue call their language Serbian, and Croats call the language Croatian. The constitutions of RS and FBIH recognize all three languages, but it is the people that refuse to settle on a name for what is overall the same language.
Bosniak language (bošnjački jezik) is the prescribed name of the language in Serbian<ref>Board for Standardisation of Serbian Language (February 16 1998). “1”, Три питања и три одговора. Decision No. 1.</ref>, while the Serbian Ministry of Education recognizes it as Bosnian. Some Croatian linguists (Radoslav Katičić, Dalibor Brozović and Tomislav Ladan) consider the appropriate name to be "Bosniak" rather than "Bosnian". In their opinion, the appellation "Bosnian" refers to the whole country, therefore implying that "Bosnian" is the national standard language of all Bosnians, not only Bosniaks. Some other Croatian linguists (Zvonko Kovač, Ivo Pranjković) recognize it as Bosnian. Bosniak linguists and intellectuals (for instance Muhamed Filipović) consider interpretation of some Croatian and Serbian linguists as nationalistic actions against Bosniaks and their identity, as the situation in Serbia and Croatia was very anti-Bosniak in the light of Bosnian War.
It is important to observe that the Dayton Peace Accord officially recognizes and specifies the Bosnian language as a distinct language spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina by Bosniaks. This distinction and official recognition of the Bosnian language is further acknowledged by signatures of the former presidents of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Alija Izetbegović), Croatia (Franjo Tuđman) and Serbia (Slobodan Milošević). As such the Bosnian language is officially recognized by constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina as well.
No Croatian and Serbian linguistic authorities had been contacted when this issue was settled[citation needed]. According to Croatian participant Radoslav Dodig, the renaming of "Bosniak" into "Bosnian" was not a process, but a semi-hidden maneouvre.[1]
Although, the Bosnian language is spoken mostly by Bosniaks, there are also small groups of Bosnian Croats and Serbs in Sarajevo, Zenica and Tuzla regions who claim to speak Bosnian. For instance, Željko Komšić, a Croat member of Bosnian Presidency calls his mother tongue, the Bosnian language.
Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian are examples of ausbauspraches, since they are largely mutually intelligible.
[edit] Phonology
[edit] Vowels
The Bosnian vowel system is simple, with only five vowels. All vowels are monophthongs. The oral vowels are as follows:
| Latin script | Cyrillic script | IPA | Description | English approximation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | и | [i] | front closed unrounded | seek |
| e | е | [ɛ] | front half open unrounded | ten |
| a | а | [a] | central open unrounded | father |
| o | о | [ɔ] | back half open rounded | caught (British) |
| u | у | [u] | back closed rounded | boom |
It should also be mentioned the that letter "R" stands as both a consonant and a vowel. It is considered a vowel when surrounded by two other consonants. For example in the words: brzo (quick), trn (thorn), mrk (dark), vrlo (very).
[edit] Consonants
The consonant system is more complicated, and its characteristic features are series of affricate and palatal consonants. As in English and most other Indo-European languages west of India, voicedness is phonemic, but aspiration is not.
In consonant clusters all consonants are either voiced or voiceless. All the consonants are voiced (if the last consonant is normally voiced) or voiceless (if the last consonant is normally voiceless). This rule does not apply to approximants — a consonant cluster may contain voiced approximants and voiceless consonants; as well as to foreign words (Washington would be transcribed as VašinGton/ВашинГтон), personal names and when consonants are not inside of one syllable.
R can be syllabic, playing the role of a vowel in certain words (occasionally, it can even have a long accent). For example, the tongue-twister na vrh brda vrba mrda involves four words with syllabic r. A similar feature exists in Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene, Czech, and Slovak. Very rarely, l can be syllabic (in the name for the river "Vltava", 'l' is syllabic) as well as lj, m, n and nj in jargon.
[edit] Differences to similar languages
[edit] External links
- Sanjak.org Sanjak Information Center (Bosnian)
- Ethnologue report for Bosnian (English)
- Bosnian language (Bosnian)/(English)
- Learn Bosnian language: Basic phrases (English)
- The Oslo Corpus of Bosnian Texts (English)
- Grammar of Bosnian language issued 1890 (Bosnian)
[edit] References
<references/>
| Slavic languages | |||
| East Slavic | Belarusian | Old East Slavic † | Old Novgorod dialect † | Russian | Rusyn (Carpathians) | Ruthenian † | Ukrainian | ||
| West Slavic | Czech | Kashubian | Knaanic † | Lower Sorbian | Pannonian Rusyn | Polabian † | Polish | Pomeranian † | Slovak | Slovincian † | Upper Sorbian | ||
| South Slavic | Banat Bulgarian | Bulgarian | Church Slavic | Macedonian | Old Church Slavonic † | Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Bunjevac, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian) | Slavic (Greece) | Slovenian | ||
| Other | Proto-Slavic † | Russenorsk † | Slavoserbian † | Slovio | ||
| † Extinct | |||
ar:لغة بوسنية ast:Bosniu bs:Bosanski jezik bg:Босненски език cs:Bosenština de:Bosnische Sprache es:Idioma bosnio eo:Bosnia lingvo fr:Bosnien ko:보스니아어 hy:Բոսնիերեն hr:Bošnjački jezik it:Lingua bosniaca lt:Bosnių kalba ms:Bahasa Bosnia nl:Bosnisch ja:ボスニア語 no:Bosnisk språk oc:Bosniac pl:Język bośniacki pt:Língua bósnia ru:Боснийский язык sk:Bosniačtina sl:Bosanščina sr:Бошњачки језик sh:Bosanski jezik fi:Bosnian kieli sv:Bosniska tl:Wikang Bosnian tr:Boşnakça zh:波斯尼亚语
