Cadbury Castle, Somerset
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Image:Somerset cadbury castle modified.jpg
- For other Cadbury Castles, Camps and Hills, see Cadbury.
Cadbury Castle is an Iron Age hill fort in the civil parish of South Cadbury in the English county of Somerset. It is famously associated with King Arthur.
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[edit] Location
Cadbury Castle is located five miles north west of Yeovil at grid reference ST62862512. It stands on the summit of Cadbury Hill, a limestone hill is situated on the southern edge of the Somerset Levels, with flat lowland to the north. The summit is 500 ft (150 metres) above sea-level. The hill is surrounded by four terraced earthwork banks and ditches and a stand of trees.
[edit] Excavations
Excavation at and around the site has discovered Iron Age, Roman and Saxon artefacts. The excavation was led by archaeologist, Leslie Alcock, from 1966-1970. He identified a long sequence of occupation on the site and many of the finds are displayed in the Somerset County Museum in Taunton.
[edit] Prehistoric occupation
Image:Cadbury-Castle-Somerset-Map.jpg
The earliest settlement was represented by Neolithic pottery and flints along with a bank feature. The site was also occupied in the Bronze Age and early Iron Age.
The so-called 'castle' is a multivallate hill fort was built around 500 bc and large ramparts and elaborate timber defences were erected and re-erected at least five times over the following centuries. Excavation revealed rectangular house foundations, a blacksmith's and a possible temple<ref>Dunning, Robert (1983). A History of Somerset. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. ISBN 0-85033-461-6.</ref> indicating permanent oppidum-like occupation. There is evidence that the fort was violently taken and reoccupied by the Romans around AD 50.<ref name="WTC">Alcock, Leslie (1972). Was this Camelot? Excavations at Cadbury Castle 1966-70. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-81281-505-X.</ref> <ref name="AB">Alcock, Leslie (1973). Arthur's Britain. Harmondsworth: Pelican. ISBN 0-14021-396-1.</ref>
[edit] Historic occupation
Following the withdrawal of the Roman administration, the site is thought to have been in use from c. 470 until some time after 580. Alcock revealed a substantial 'Great Hall' (20 x 10 metres) and showed that the innermost Iron Age defences had been refortified providing a defended site double the size of any other known fort of the period. Sherds of pottery from the eastern Mediterranean were also found from this period indicating wide trade links.<ref name="WTC" /><ref name="AB" /> It therefore seems probably that it was the chief caer (castle or palace) of a major Brythonic ruler and home to his royal family, his teulu (band of faithful followers), servants and horses.
Between 1010 and 1020 the hill was reoccupied for use as a temporary Saxon mint, briefly standing in for that at Bruton.<ref name="WTC" /><ref name="AB" />
[edit] Interpretation
Local tradition, first written down by John Leland in 1532, says that Cadbury Castle was King Arthur's Camelot.
The site and the Great Hall are extensive, and the writer Geoffrey Ashe argued in an article in the journal Speculum that it was the base for the Arthur of history.<ref>Ashe, Geoffrey (1981). "A Certain Very Ancient British Book: Traces of an Arthurian Source in Geoffrey of Monmouth's History". Speculum 56: 301-23.</ref> His opinion has not been widely accepted by all students of the period.
Militarily the location makes sense as a place where the south-western Brythons (perhaps from the kingdom of Dumnonia) could have defended themselves against attacks from lowland Brythons. Refortification could credibly have been a response to the great Saxon raid of c. 473[citation needed]. If Arthur was indeed conceived at Tintagel, as tradition asserts, as a prince of Dumnonia, Cadbury would have been close to his eastern frontier. Although the name 'Cadbury' is generally considered to be a Saxo-Brythonic hybrid meaning 'Battle-Fort', David Nash Ford suggests that the prefix derives from Cado, King of Dumnonia in the time of Arthur.<ref>Ford, David Nash. Cadbury Castle: Arthur's Camelot or Dumnonian Capital?. Early British Kingdoms. Retrieved on 2006-11-27.</ref>
[edit] References
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