Category:Substance-related disorders
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fr:Catégorie:Trouble induit par une substance no:Kategori:Rusmisbruk
The DSMIV explains that:
The Substance-Related Disorders include disorders related to the taking of a drug of abuse (including alcohol), to the side effects of a medication, and to toxin exposure. In this manual, the term substance can refer to a drug of abuse, a medication, or a toxin. The substances discussed in this section are grouped into 11 classes: alcohol; amphetamine or similarly acting sympathomimetics; caffeine; cannabis; cocaine; hallucinogens; inhalants; nicotine; opioids; phencyclidine (PCP) or similarly acting arylcyclohexylamines; and sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics. Although these 11 classes appear in alphabetical order, the following classes share similar features: alcohol shares features with the sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics; and cocaine shares features with amphetamines or similarly acting sympathomimetics. Also included in this section are Polysubstance Dependence and Other or Unknown Substance–Related Disorders (which include most disorders related to medications or toxins).
Many prescribed and over-the-counter medications can also cause Substance-Related Disorders. Symptoms generally occur at high doses of the medication and usually disappear when the dosage is lowered or the medication is stopped. Medications that may cause Substance-Related Disorders include, but are not limited to, anesthetics and analgesics, anticholinergic agents, anticonvulsants, antihistamines, antihypertensive and cardiovascular medications, antimicrobial medications, antiparkinsonian medications, chemotherapeutic agents, corticosteroids, gastrointestinal medications, muscle relaxants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, other over-the-counter medications, antidepressant medications, and disulfiram.
Exposure to a wide range of other chemical substances can also lead to the development of a Substance-Related Disorder. Toxic substances that may cause Substance-Related Disorders include, but are not limited to, heavy metals (e.g., lead or aluminum), rat poisons containing strychnine, pesticides containing nicotine, or acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, nerve gases, ethylene glycol (antifreeze), carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The volatile substances (e.g., fuel, paint) are classified as "inhalants" (see Inhalant-Related Disorders) if they are used for the purpose of becoming intoxicated; they are considered "toxins" if exposure is accidental or part of intentional poisoning. Impairments in cognition or mood are the most common symptoms associated with toxic substances, although anxiety, hallucinations, delusions, or seizures can also result. Symptoms usually disappear when the individual is no longer exposed to the substance, but resolution of symptoms can take weeks or months and may require treatment.
The Substance-Related Disorders are divided into two groups: the Substance Use Disorders (Substance Dependence and Substance Abuse) and the Substance-Induced Disorders (Substance Intoxication, Substance Withdrawal, Substance-Induced Delirium, Substance-Induced Persisting Dementia, Substance-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder, Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder, Substance-Induced Mood Disorder, Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Substance-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, and Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder). The section begins with the text and criteria sets for Substance Dependence, Abuse, Intoxication, and Withdrawal that are applicable across classes of substances. This is followed by general comments concerning associated features; culture, age, and gender features; course; impairment and complications; familial pattern; differential diagnosis; and recording procedures that apply to all substance classes. The remainder of the section is organized by class of substance and describes the specific aspects of Dependence, Abuse, Intoxication, and Withdrawal for each of the 11 classes of substances. It should be noted that the Prevalence sections of the substance-specific texts contain survey data indicating rates of substance use in various age groups, as well as the lifetime and 1-year prevalence of Dependence and Abuse. To facilitate differential diagnosis, the text and criteria for the remaining Substance-Induced Disorders are included in the sections of the manual with disorders with which they share phenomenology (e.g., Substance-Induced Mood Disorder is included in the "Mood Disorders" section). (American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000)
