Cephalopod intelligence

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The cephalopod class of mollusks are considered the most intelligent invertebrates and an important example of advanced cognitive evolution amongst animals in general. The coleoidea sub-class of the cephalopods includes the orders of cuttlefish, squid and octopuses and it is these (particularly the latter two) which are considered the most intelligent. Cephalopod intelligence has an important comparative aspect, because it relies on a nervous system that is fundamentally unlike that of vertebrates (and primates in particular).<ref>"cephalopod intelligence" in The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight</ref>

The scope of cephalopod intelligence remains controversial and studying these elusive creatures is difficult. The idea that the animals practice observational learning is particularly disputed, though impressive spatial learning capacity, navigational abilities and predatory techniques are beyond question.<ref>"What is this octopus thinking?" by Garry Hamilton</ref>

[edit] Lifestyle and body structure

[edit] Lifestyle

Without exception, and unlike most other molluscs, all cephalopods are active predators. The need to locate and capture prey has probably been one of the driving forces behind the development of their intelligence, unique in their phylum. One extreme example of this tendency may be the way in which octopuses sometimes access their prey. Crabs, although the staple food source of most octopus species, present significant challenges with their powerful pinchers and their potential to exhaust the cephalopod's respiration system from a prolonged pursuit. In the face of these challenges, octopuses will instead seek out lobster traps and steal the prize inside. They are also known to climb aboard fishing boats and hide in the containers that hold dead or dying crab.<ref>Cousteau, Jacques Yves (1978). Octopus and Squid: The Soft Intelligence</ref>

[edit] Dexterity

Dexterity, a trait essential for tool use and manipulation is also found in cephalopods. The highly sensitive suction cups and prehensile arms of octopuses are just as easily efficient at grasping objects as the human hand.