C-symmetry
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In physics, C-symmetry means the symmetry of physical laws under a charge-conjugation transformation. Electromagnetism, gravity and the strong interaction all obey C-symmetry, but weak interactions violate C-symmetry maximally.
[edit] Charge Reversal in Electromagnetism
The laws of electromagnetism (both classical and quantum) are invariant under this transformation: if each charge q were to be replaced with a charge -q and the directions of the electric and magnetic fields were reversed, the dynamics would preserve the same form. In the language of quantum field theory, charge conjugation transforms:
- <math>\psi \rightarrow -i(\bar\psi \gamma^0 \gamma^2)^T</math>
- <math>\bar\psi \rightarrow -i(\gamma^0 \gamma^2 \psi)^T</math>
- <math>A^\mu \rightarrow -A^\mu</math>
Notice that these transformations do not alter the chirality of particles. A left-handed neutrino would be taken by charge conjugation into a left-handed antineutrino, which does not interact in the Standard Model. This property is what is meant by the "maximal violation" of C-symmetry in the weak interaction.
(Some postulated extensions of the Standard Model, like left-right models, restore this C-symmetry.)
[edit] Combination of Charge and Parity Reversal
It was believed for some time that C-symmetry could be combined with the parity-inversion transformation (see P-symmetry) to preserve a combined CP-symmetry. However, violations of even this symmetry have now been identified in the weak interactions (particularly in the kaons and B mesons). In the Standard Model, this CP violation is due to a single phase in the CKM matrix. If CP is combined with time reversal (T-symmetry), the resulting CPT-symmetry can be shown using only the Wightman axioms to be universally obeyed.
[edit] Charge Definition
To give an example, take two real scalar fields, φ and χ. Suppose both fields have even C-parity. Now reformulate things so that <math>\psi\ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ {\phi + i \chi\over \sqrt{2}}</math>. Now, φ and χ have even C-parities because the imaginary number i has an odd C-parity (C is antiunitary).
In other models, it is possible for both φ and χ to have odd C-parities.
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C, P and T Symmetries | edit |
| C-symmetry | P-symmetry | T-symmetry | L-symmetry | | |
| CP-symmetry | CPT symmetry | |
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