Clermont-Ferrand

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Administration
Commune of Clermont-Ferrand Clermont-Ferrand coat of arms
Location
Coordinates	45°46′50″N, 03°05′15″ECoordinates: 45°46′50″N, 03°05′15″E
Country	France
Région	Auvergne (capital)
Département	Puy-de-Dôme (préfecture)
Arrondissement	Clermont-Ferrand
Canton	Chief town of 9 cantons
Intercommunality	Clermont Communauté
Mayor	Serge Godard (PS) (2001- 2008)
Statistics
Altitude	321 m–602 m (avg. 358 m)
Land area¹	42,67 km²
Population² (1999)	137 140
- Density (1999)	3214/km²
Miscellaneous
INSEE/Postal code	63113/ 63000
¹ French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq. mi. or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
² Population sans doubles comptes: single count of residents of multiple communes (e.g. students and military personnel).
Image:Flag of France.svg

Clermont-Ferrand (in the Auvergnat dialect of Occitan language: Clarmont-Ferrand / Clarmont d'Auvèrnhe) is a city and commune of France, in the Auvergne région, with a population of approximately 140,000.

It is the préfecture (capital) of the Puy-de-Dôme département. It sits on the plain of Limagne in the Massif Central and is surrounded by a major industrial area. The city is famous for the chain of volcanoes surrounding it. The Puy-de-Dôme (13km from the city) is the highest of these and well-known for the telecommunication antennas that sit on its top and are visible from far away.

1 History
2 Sights
3 Economy
4 Miscellaneous
- 4.1 Births
- 4.2 Twin towns
5 References
6 External links

[edit] History

Clermont ranks among the oldest cities of France. The first known mention was by the Greek geographer Strabo. The city was at that time called Nemessos—a Gaulish word for a sacred forest. It witnessed the famous Battle of Gergovia won by the Gauls led by Vercingetorix over the Romans led by Julius Caesar, in 52 BC. After the Roman conquest, the city was called Augustonemetum, a name which combined its original Gallic name with that of the Emperor Augustus. Its population was estimated at 15,000–30,000 inhabitants in the 2nd century, making it one of the largest cities of Roman Gaul. In the late fifth century, Auvergne was the target of Visigothic expansion, and the city was besieged by Euric. Although defended by Sidonius Apollinaris, it became part of the Visigothic kingdom in 475. A generation later, it became part of the kingdom of the Franks.

In 848, the city was renamed Clairmont, after the castle Clarus Mons. During this era, it was an episcopal city ruled by its bishop, and it was the starting point of the First Crusade from the Christian world to free Jerusalem from Muslim domination—Pope Urban II preached the crusade there in 1095 at the Council of Clermont. In 1120, to counteract the power of the clergy, the counts of Auvergne founded the city of Montferrand on the model of the new cities of the Midi. In 1551, Clermont became a royal city, and in 1610, the inseparable property of the Crown.

On 15 April, 1630, the Edict of Troyes (the First Edict of Union) forcibly joined the two cities of Clermont and Montferrand. This union was confirmed in 1731 by Louis XV with the Second Edict of Union. At this time Montferrand was no more than a satellite city of Clermont, in which condition it remained until the beginning of the 20th century. Wishing to retain its independence, Montferrand made three demands for independence, in 1789, 1848, and 1863.

In the 20th century, the construction of the Michelin factories and city gardens, which shaped the modern Clermont-Ferrand, definitively reunited Clermont and Montferrand. Today, although the two cities are amalgamated, one may find in Clermont-Ferrand two distinct downtowns, and Montferrand retains a strong identity.

[edit] Sights

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Typical view of the city from "La pierre Carrée", featuring the black cathedral on the left.

Clermont-Ferrand's most famous public square is place de Jaude, on which stands a grand statue of Vercingetorix sitting imperiously on a horse and holding a glaive. The inscription reads J'ai pris les armes pour la liberté de tous (I took to arms for the liberty of all). This statue was made by Bartholdi who also created the Statue of Liberty.

[edit] Economy

The French tire manufacturer Michelin created the tyre and grew up from Clermont-Ferrand to become a worldwide leader in its industry. It has kept its headquarters in the city.

[edit] Miscellaneous

Image:Clermont-Ferrand Overview (high).jpg

Clermont-Ferrand's most famous figure is the mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal who tested Evangelista Torricelli's hypothesis concerning the influence of gas pressure on liquid equilibrium. This is the famous experiment where a vacuum is created in a mercury tube: Pascal's experiment had his brother-in-law carry a barometer to the top of the Puy-de-Dôme. The Université Blaise-Pascal (or Clermont-Ferrand II) is located primarily in the city and is named for him.

A racing circuit, the Charade Circuit, close to the city, using closed-off public roads held the French Grand Prix in 1965, 1969, 1970 and 1972. It was a daunting circuit, with such harsh elevation changes that caused some drivers to be ill as they drove. Winners included Jim Clark, Jackie Stewart (twice), and Jochen Rindt.

The city is also host to a high-profile rugby union club, ASM Clermont Auvergne.

Clermont-Ferrand hosts an annual international short film festival, which originated in 1979.

Serge Godard is the current Mayor of the city.