College of William and Mary

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**College of William and Mary**
Image:WMseal.gif
Established	1693, 1888
Type	Public University
Endowment	US $492 million
Chancellor	Sandra Day O'Connor
President	Gene R. Nichol
Faculty	567
Undergraduates	5,650
Postgraduates	2,000
Location	Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
Campus	Small city, 1,200 acres (4.9 km²)
Mascot	Image:WMTribe.png
Affiliations	Division I-AA
Website	WM.edu

The College of William and Mary (also known as William and Mary or W&M) is a small coeducational public university located in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. It is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.

William and Mary was founded in 1693 by a Royal Charter issued by King William III and Queen Mary II of England. William and Mary educated U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler and other key figures important to the development of the nation. W&M has a strong academic reputation and is notable in higher education for the founding of the Phi Beta Kappa academic honor society.

Known for its commitment to undergraduate teaching and liberal arts program, William and Mary also offers a "Top 30" ranked law school and several other graduate programs. Although considered a university, the school retains the traditional "College" in its name, as specified in its Royal Charter of 1693.

William and Mary is one of the original eight Public Ivies. The institution's official name is "The College of William and Mary in Virginia."

[edit] History

[edit] Prologue

Wren Building with a snow-covered statue of Lord Botetourt

A school of higher education for both Native American young men and the sons of the colonists was one of the earliest goals of the English leaders of the Virginia Colony, which was initially based at Jamestown in 1607. Within the first decade, a promising start of a school was initiated as part of the progressive colonial outpost of Henricus under the leadership of Sir Thomas Dale. However, the Indian Massacre of 1622 destroyed the Henricus development, postponing the colonists' hopes for a school of higher education. It would be almost 70 more years before their efforts to establish a school of higher education would be successfully renewed with the founding of William & Mary.

[edit] Founding and colonial history

In 1691, the House of Burgesses sent James Blair (the colony's top religious leader and rector of Henrico Parish at Varina) to England to secure a charter to establish "a certain Place of Universal Study, a perpetual College of Divinity, Philosophy, Languages, and the good arts and sciences...to be supported and maintained, in all time coming." Blair journeyed to London and began a vigorous campaign. With support from his friends, Henry Compton, the Bishop of London, and John Tillotson (Archbishop of Canterbury), Blair was ultimately successful. [1]

See also article James Blair (Virginia)

Image:James Blair.jpg

Reverend Dr. James Blair (Founder)

The College was founded on February 8, 1693, under a Royal Charter secured by Blair. Named in honor of the reigning monarchs King William III and Queen Mary II, the College was one of the original Colonial colleges. The Charter named Blair as the College's first president (a lifetime appointment which he held until his death in 1743). The new school was also granted a coat of arms from the College of Arms, making it the only institution of higher education in the United States to receive one.

William and Mary was founded as an Anglican institution; governors were required to be members of the Church of England, and professors were required to declare adherence to the Thirty-Nine Articles.<ref>Webster, Homer J. (1902) "Schools and Colleges in Colonial Times," The New England Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly, v. XXVII, p. 374, Google Books[2]</ref>

The Royal Charter called for a center of higher education consisting of three schools: the Grammar School, the Philosophy School and the Divinity School. The Philosophy School instructed students in the advanced study of moral philosophy (logic, rhetoric, ethics) as well as natural philosophy (physics, metaphysics, and mathematics); upon completion of this coursework, the Divinity School prepared these young men for ordination into the Church of England.

This early curriculum, a precursor to the present-day liberal arts program, made William and Mary the first American college with a full faculty. The College has achieved many other notable academic firsts.

In 1693, the College was given a seat in the House of Burgesses and it was determined that the College would be supported by tobacco taxes and export duties on furs and animal skins. In 1694, Blair returned from England, and William and Mary opened in the original "College Building" at Middle Plantation, located on high ground midway across the Peninsula between the James and York Rivers. The College Building (the precursor to today's Wren Building) was completed in 1699 on a picturesque site comprising 330 acres. The present-day College still stands upon those grounds.

After the statehouse at Jamestown burned in 1698, the legislature moved temporarily to Middle Plantation, as it had in the past. Upon suggestion of students of the College, the capital was permanently relocated there, and Middle Plantation was renamed Williamsburg.

Williamsburg served as the capital of Colonial Virginia from 1699 to 1780. During this time, the College served as a law center and its buildings were frequently used by lawmakers. It educated future U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler. The College issued George Washington his surveyor's certificate, which led to his first public office. Washington was later appointed the first American chancellor following the American Revolution Chancellors in 1788, which was his last public office that he held until his death in 1799.

George Wythe (America's first law professor)

George Wythe, widely regarded as a pioneer in American legal education, attended the College as a young man, but dropped out unable to afford the fees. Wythe went on to become one of the more distinguished jurists of his time. Jefferson, who later referred to Wythe as "my second father," studied under Wythe from 1762 to 1767. By 1779, Wythe held the nation's first Law Professorship at the College. Wythe's other students included Henry Clay, James Monroe and John Marshall. [3]

The College also educated three U.S. Supreme Court Justices (John Marshall, Philip Pendleton Barbour and Bushrod Washington) as well as several important members of government including Peyton Randolph, Henry Clay and George Wythe (a signer of the U.S. Declaration of Independence).

[edit] Secret societies

The Phi Beta Kappa academic honor society was founded at William and Mary by John Heath and William Short (Class of 1779) on December 5, 1776. It began as a secret literary and philosophical society at the College; additional chapters were soon established at Yale and at Harvard.[4] There are now 270 chapters nationwide.[5] Alumni John Marshall and Bushrod Washington were two of the earliest members of Phi Beta Kappa, elected in 1778 and 1780, respectively. [6]

Some of the secret societies known to exist at the College are the Seven Society, Order of the Crown and Dagger, the Bishop James Madison Society, the Flat Hat Club, the Alpha Club, the Members 13, the W Society, the Williams, the Phi Society. [7]

[edit] Postcolonial history

The colonies declared their independence in 1776 and William and Mary severed formal ties to England. However, the College's connection to British history remains as a distinct point of pride; it maintains a relationship with the British monarchy and includes former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher among those who have served as Chancellors.

Image:Wren 1859 william and mary.jpg

During portions of the American Civil War (1861-1865), William and Mary was occupied by Union troops. The Battle of Williamsburg was fought nearby during the Peninsula Campaign on May 5, 1862; on September 9, 1862, drunken soldiers of the 5th Pennsylvania Cavalry set fire to the College Building, reportedly in an attempt to prevent Confederate snipers from using it for cover.

Following restoration of the Union, the College's 16th president, Benjamin S. Ewell, sought war reparations from the U.S. Congress, but he was unsuccessful. The College closed in 1882 due to lack of funds. During this time, President Ewell sounded the bell in the Wren Building every year, an act traditionally regarded as the start of the academic term, which, symbolically, kept the College in operation and the charter in effect. [8].

In 1888, William and Mary resumed operations when the Commonwealth of Virginia passed an act appropriating $10,000 to support the College. Lyon Gardiner Tyler (son of US President and alumnus John Tyler) became the 17th president of the College following President Ewell's retirement. Tyler, along with 18th president J.A.C. Chandler, expanded the College into a modern institution. Then, in March of 1906 the general assembly passed an act taking over the grounds of the colonial institution, it has remained publicly supported ever since. In 1918, William and Mary was one of the first universities in Virginia to become coeducational. During this time, enrollment increased from 104 students in 1889 to 1269 students by 1932.

Significant campus construction continued under the College's nineteenth president, John Stewart Bryan. In 1935, the Sunken Gardens were constructed, just west of the Wren Building. The sunken design is taken from a similar landscape feature at Chelsea Hospital in London, designed by Sir Christopher Wren. Thanks to the generosity of John D. Rockefeller, Jr., the Sir Christopher Wren Building, the President's House and the Brafferton (the President's office) were restored to their eighteenth century appearance between 1928 and 1932.

Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh visited the College on October 16, 1957, where the Queen spoke to the College community from the balcony of the Wren Building.

In 1974, Ash Lawn-Highland, the 535-acre historic Albemarle County, Virginia estate of alumnus and U.S. President James Monroe, was willed to the College by Jay Winston Johns. The College restored this historic Presidential home near Charlottesville and opened it to the public. [9]

[edit] The Sir Christopher Wren Building

The building officially referred to as the "Sir Christopher Wren Building" was so named upon its completion in 1931 to honor the English architect Sir Christopher Wren attributed with the design for the College's main building by an eighteenth century author. Wren was famous for designing St. Paul's Cathedral in London. The Wren Building is based on the design of original College Building (1699) as it appeared after a 1716 remodeling. The basis for the 1930s name is a 1724 history in which Hugh Jones stated that the 1699 design was "first modelled by Sir Christopher Wren" and then was adapted "by the Gentlemen there" in Virginia; little is known about how it looked, since it burned within a few years of its completion and was remodeled by 1716. Therefore historians have little evidence to substantiate Jones's claim that Wren actually designed the 1699 main building. The College's Alumni Association recently published an article exploring Sir Christopher Wren's potential involvement in the original College Building. [10] A follow-up letter clarified the apocryphal nature of the Wren connection. [11].

In the early 20th century, the Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin and John D. Rockefeller Jr. undertook a massive restoration project in Williamsburg -- the project culminated into Colonial Williamsburg. As part of this undertaking, the Wren Building was the first major building to be restored. Following a drawing on the Bodleian copper plate (ca. 1740) and plans Thomas Jefferson drew of the interior in 1772, the Boston architectural firm of Perry, Shaw & Hepburn restored the building to its second form (1705-1859). The architectural firm subsequently designed complete reconstructions of the Capitol and the Governor's Palace, the original versions of which had burned during the eighteenth century. [12]

Two other buildings around the Wren Building complete a triangle known as Ancient Campus: the Brafferton (built in 1723 and originally housing the Indian School, now the President and Provost's offices) and the President's House (built in 1732).

The Wren Building also holds the distinction of being the oldest functional educational building in the United States. Those who remain true to the historical roots of William and Mary refer to the Wren Building as "The College" since, in the days of Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler, the entire College of William and Mary consisted solely of the Wren Building. This is where students (only males at that time) lived, ate, studied, and learned.

[edit] Academics

[edit] History and milestones

William and Mary is the second-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Of all of the original colonial colleges, William and Mary was considered by many to be the "most prominent and had the best classroom and residential buildings." [13]

The College was the first to teach Political Economy; Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations was a required textbook [14][15]. In 1781, William and Mary became the first college in America to become a university<ref>http://www.wm.edu/law/about/firsts.shtml</ref> by uniting its law, medicine and arts faculties; it was also the first college to establish a chair of modern languages. Chemistry was taught beginning in the nineteenth century; alumnus and future Massachusetts Institute of Technology founder William Barton Rogers served as the College's Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry from 1828-1835.

Beginning with his 1778 Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge, alumnus and future University of Virginia founder Thomas Jefferson was involved with efforts to reform the College. Jefferson guided the College to adopt the nation's first elective system of study and to introduce the first student-adjudicated Honor System.<ref> However, a biographer notes that "Jefferson would one day sharply criticize William and Mary, and eventually he designed, built, and administered the University of Virginia in open opposition to his alma mater." Willard Sterne Randall (1994). Thomas Jefferson: A Life. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-097617-9. p. 40</ref>

Also at Jefferson's behest, the College appointed his friend and mentor George Wythe as the first Professor of Law in America in 1779. John Marshall, who would later go on to become Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, was one of Wythe's students. The College's Marshall-Wythe School of Law is the oldest law school in the United States[16] and is named after these founding jurists.

[edit] Popular majors

The most popular majors at the College are government, history, economics, English and business administration. The undergraduate and graduate accounting program is ranked Top 25. [17] The government department is well regarded, current adjunct professor Lawrence Wilkerson and General Anthony Zinni (both respected voices in the ongoing debate concerning the Iraq War effort) are favorites among government majors.

[edit] Rankings

In 2007 and for the past several years, William and Mary has ranked ^{#6 among all U.S. public universites (and ^{#31 overall among public and private national universities) by U.S. News and World Report. [18] And among America's public four-year, degree-granting institutions, William and Mary is ranked ^{#2 for its high graduation rate. [19]}}}

In Summer 2005, Newsweek Magazine dubbed William and Mary as the "hottest small state school" because William and Mary is small for a state school and because William and Mary had seen a 34% increase in the number of applicants since 1999. [20]

William and Mary's athletes are known to keep up with their academics, hence the long tradition of the "student-athlete." According to a 2006 survey by the NCAA, William and Mary athletes were ranked ^{#5 for graduation rates (tied with Stanford University). [21]}

[edit] Learning environment

The State Council of Higher Education for Virginia, a state organization charged with promoting Virginia's institutions of higher education, concluded:

William & Mary is one of the nation's premier public universities, combining the best features of an undergraduate college with those of a research university. [22]

William and Mary's small university environment, with only 5,635 undergraduates enrolled, distinguishes it from larger research universities, and its 11:1 student-to-faculty is lower than most top public universities.

[edit] Graduate programs

William and Mary also enrolls approximately 2,000 students in the following graduate or professional schools:

[edit] Admissions and Selectivity

William and Mary's undergraduate acceptance rate typically ranges between approximately 31% to 37%, among the most selective universities in the U.S. [23] The top five overlap schools for William and Mary applicants are the University of Virginia, Duke, Georgetown, Cornell, and Vanderbilt. [24]

For the 2005-06 academic year, 31.0% of applicants were admitted to William and Mary, ahead of peers University of Virginia (37.7%) and Vanderbilt University (35.3%) but behind Georgetown University (21.5%), Duke University (21%), and Cornell University (27.1%). [25] Of those admitted to the 2005 enrolling class, 40.9% matriculated at William and Mary, a yield that leads Vanderbilt's (39.4%) but trails those of the University of Virginia (52.8%), Georgetown University (47.2%), Cornell University (46.5%) and Duke University (43.2%). [26]

[edit] Graduate placement

According to ths State Council of Higher Education for Virginia, William and Mary graduates experience acceptance to the nation's law and medical schools at rates notably above the national average. [27]

Similarly, The Wall Street Journal recently conducted a survey of the alma maters of entering students at the nation's Top 5 professional programs (e.g., Yale Law School, Harvard Business School and Johns Hopkins Medical School). William and Mary placed second in the state and seventh among all public universities [28] for elite graduate placement.

[edit] Student life

[edit] Campus activities

The College enjoys a temperate climate[29]. In addition to renovations on the recreation center, (including a new gym, rock climbing wall, and a larger exercise room) the largely wooded campus has its own lake and outdoor amphitheatre. Beaches at Virginia Beach are an hour away, and Washington DC is a two and a half hour drive to the north.

The College's University Center Activities Board (UCAB) hosts concerts on campus and in the 8,600-capacity Kaplan Arena. [30]

[edit] Honor System

William and Mary's Honor System was first established by alumnus Thomas Jefferson in 1779. During the orientation week, every entering student recites the Honor Pledge in the Great Hall of the Wren Building pledging:

As a Member of the William & Mary community I pledge, on my Honor, not to lie, cheat, or steal in either my academic or personal life. I understand that such acts violate the Honor Code and undermine the community of trust of which we are all stewards.

The Honor System stands as one of the College's most important traditions; it remains student-administered through the Honor Council with the advice of the faculty and administration of the College. The College's Honor System is codified such that students found guilty of cheating, stealing or lying are subject to sanctions ranging from an oral warning to dismissal. [31]

[edit] Traditions

Crim Dell in the heart of W&M's wooded campus

William and Mary has a number of traditions, including the Yule Log Ceremony, at which the president dresses as Santa Claus and reads a rendition of "How the Grinch Stole Christmas."

Incoming freshmen participate in Opening Convocation, at which they pass through the entrance of the Wren Building and are officially welcomed as the newest members of the College. Freshmen also have the opportunity, during orientation week, to serenade the President of the College at his home with the Alma Mater song. The Senior Walk is an analogous tradition held at commencement, symbolizing graduating students' departure. The playing of Pot O' Gold by the Track and Field team, has also become one of the newest and most beloved traditions at the college.

Unofficial traditions include the Triathlon, a set of three tasks to be completed by each student prior to graduation. These include jumping the wall of the Governor's Palace in Colonial Williamsburg, streaking through the Sunken Gardens, and swimming across the Crim Dell (pictured).

[edit] W&M Trivia

The Steely Dan song "My Old School" with lyric about William and Mary was widely thought to be about the College, but apparently is not.

As a college student at W&M, Thomas Jefferson attended lavish dinner parties held by royal governor Francis Fauquier where he developed his early love for wine (his favorite varietals were Madeira and Claret). [32]

There are elaborate catacombs running under the Wren Building and leading to tombs under the Wren Chapel, which have been closed off to students.

Queen Elizabeth and Prince Charles have both visited W&M; Prince Charles spoke at the 300th anniversary (or Tercentenary) of the founding of the College.

[edit] Fraternities and sororities

William and Mary has a long history of fraternities and sororities dating back to Phi Beta Kappa, the first "greek-letter" organization, which was founded there in 1776. Today, Greek organizations play an important role in the College community, along with other social organizations (e.g., soccer house, theatre organizations). Overall, about one-third of its undergraduates are active members of the following 14 national fraternities and 12 sororities. [33]

Fraternities

Alpha Epsilon Pi * Alpha Phi Alpha * Alpha Tau Omega * Beta Theta Pi * Delta Chi * Delta Phi * Kappa Alpha * Kappa Sigma * Kappa Delta Rho * Lambda Chi Alpha * Pi Kappa Alpha * Phi Kappa Tau * Sigma Chi * Sigma Pi * Theta Delta Chi

Sororities

Alpha Chi Omega * Alpha Kappa Alpha * Chi Omega * Delta Delta Delta * Delta Gamma * Delta Sigma Theta * Gamma Phi Beta * Kappa Alpha Theta * Kappa Delta * Kappa Kappa Gamma * Phi Mu * Pi Beta Phi

[edit] Athletics

William and Mary's sports teams are known as "The Tribe." The College fields NCAA Division I teams for men and women in basketball, cross country, golf, gymnastics, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, and indoor and outdoor track and field. In addition, there are women's field hockey, lacrosse and volleyball squads as well as mens baseball and football. In the 2004-05 season, the Tribe garnered 5 Colonial Athletic Association titles, and it leads the conference with over 80 titles. In that same year, several teams competed in the NCAA Championships, and the football team appeared in the I-AA semifinals. [34] The mens soccer team has produced some notable players; the goalkeeper Adin Brown was a back-to-back NCAA First Team All-American in 1998 and 1999.

In May of 2006, the NCAA ruled that the athletic logo (which includes two green and gold feathers) could create an environment that is offensive. In June the College appealed the decision regarding the use of the institution’s athletic logo to the NCAA Executive Committee; this appeal was rejected on August 3, 2006. The "Tribe" nickname, by itself, was found to be neither hostile nor abusive, but rather communicates ennobling sentiments of commitment, shared idealism, community and common cause. [35]. As a result, the current athletic logo contains only the word "Tribe." In October 2006 the College notified the NCAA that it would phase out the use of the two feathers before the fall of 2007.[36] Some students have vowed to display it on their own at NCAA post-season games.

Previously, the College's "unofficial" mascot was "Colonel Ebirt" ("Tribe" backwards), which was discontinued.

[edit] Leadership

On July 1, 2005, Gene R. Nichol (formerly Dean and Burton Craige Professor of the Law School of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) was sworn in as the College's 26th President, replacing Timothy J. Sullivan. Sullivan elevated the College's profile as a top public institution. President Nichol is seeking to continue Sullivan's work. He recently introduced the Gateway William and Mary Program, extending debt-free undergraduate education to outstanding applicants from underprivileged economic backgrounds.

Sandra Day O'Connor was installed as the College's 23rd Chancellor on April 7, 2006. The post of Chancellor has been important in the history of the College. Until 1776, the Chancellor was an English subject, usually the Archbishop of Canterbury or the Bishop of London, who served as the College’s advocate to the crown, while a colonial President oversaw the day-to-day activities of the Williamsburg campus. Following the Revolutionary War, General George Washington was appointed as the first American chancellor; later President John Tyler held the post. The College has recently had a number of distinguished Chancellors: former Chief Justice of the United States Warren E. Burger, former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.

The position of Chancellor at William and Mary has historically been largely ceremonial; the Chancellor does not live at the College but typically makes a number of appearances each year. Chancellor O'Connor, however, has taken a keen interest in the College. O'Connor recently made her third 2006 visit to the historic campus; she gave a keynote speech on religious freedom and the future of democracy and met with the student community. [37]

The Vice President for Student Affairs, Sam Sadler, is undoubtably the most visible member of the administration.[38] His office forms the policy that most affects the student body of William and Mary, and his friendly attitude and charisma have endeared him with the entire campus community.

The Student Assembly, the College's student government organization charged with student advocacy, social event planning, and appropriating funds to other student groups, has existed since 1915, with some structural reforms made in recent years.

[edit] W&M Board of Visitors

[edit] Commencement speakers

[edit] Distinguished William and Mary alumni

See List of Notable Alumni from the College of William and Mary

Distinguished William and Mary alumni include three U.S. Presidents: Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler; MIT founder William Barton Rogers; key figures from American history such as John Marshall, Henry Clay and Peyton Randolph; U.S. Generals Winfield Scott and David McKiernan; football Hall-of-Famer Lou Creekmur; popular entertainers Jon Stewart and Glenn Close; and United States Secretary of Defense nominee Robert Gates.

[edit] Notable professors

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You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations.This article has been tagged since June 2006.

James L. Axtell, William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of Humanities; inducted to American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2004)
Susan Wise Bauer, Instructor of writing and American literature; Founder of Peace Hill Press
Clayton Clemens, Hamilton Professor of Government<ref>http://www.wm.edu/government/directory.php?personid=8959</ref>
Henri Cole, Poet-in-Residence
Carl P. Daw Jr., former English professor, Director of the Hymn Society of the United States and Canada, Episcopalian priest.
David L. Holmes, Walter G. Mason Professor of Religious Studies, specialist in Anglican history.
Clyde Haulman, Professor of Economics and Vice-Mayor of Williamsburg
Charles Hobson, author of several prominent books on Chief Justice John Marshall, and the editor of the Marshall papers (housed at W&M's law school)
John McGlennon, Professor of Government
Mitchell Reiss, Professor of Government and Law; Director of Policy Planning (U.S. Department of State)
Martin Schmidt, Associate Professor of Economics, co-author of The Wages of Wins
William H. Starnes, Jr., Floyd Dewey Gottwald, Sr. Professor of Chemistry; inventor of ester thiol organic PVC stabilizers
General Anthony Zinni (Ret.), Government instructor; retired U.S. General and former U.S. special envoy to the Middle East
Dirk Walecka, Professor of Physics; recipient of Tom Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics from American Physical Society; former director of CEBAF/JLAB
Lawrence Wilkerson, Adjunct Professor of Government, former Chief of Staff to Colin Powell, critic of Iraq War intelligence
William Van Alstyne, Professor of Law, noted constitutional scholar

[edit] References

[edit] External links

[edit] Further information

[edit] Student organizations

[edit] Institutes and special projects

Public Colleges and Universities in Virginia
Christopher Newport • George Mason • James Madison • Longwood • Mary Washington • Norfolk State • Old Dominion • Radford • University of Virginia • U.Va.-Wise • Virginia Commonwealth • Virginia State • Virginia Military Institute • Virginia Tech • William & Mary Community Colleges • EVMS • VMRCVM

Colonial Athletic Association
Delaware • Drexel • George Mason • Georgia State • Hofstra • James Madison • Northeastern • Old Dominion • Towson • UNC–Wilmington • Virginia Commonwealth • William & Mary

Atlantic 10 Football Conference
Delaware • Hofstra • James Madison • Maine • Massachusetts • New Hampshire • Northeastern • Rhode Island • Richmond • Towson • Villanova • William & Mary

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