Cone (topology)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In topology, especially algebraic topology, the cone CX of a topological space X is the quotient space:

<math>CX = (X \times I)/(X \times \{0\})\,</math>

of the product of X with the unit interval I = [0, 1]. Intuitively we make X into a cylinder and collapse one end of the cylinder to a point.

If X sits inside Euclidean space, the cone on X is homeomorphic to the union of lines from X to another point. That is, the topological cone agrees with the geometric cone when defined. However, the topological cone construction is more general.

1 Examples
2 Properties
3 Reduced cone
4 See also
5 References

[edit] Examples

The cone over a point p of the real line is the interval {p} x [0,1].
The cone over two points {0,1} is a "V" shape with endpoints at {0} and {1}.
The cone over an interval I of the real line is a filled-in triangle, otherwise known as a 2-simplex (see the final example).
The cone over a polygon P is a pyramid with base P.
The cone over a disk is the solid cone of classical geometry (hence the concept's name).
The cone over a circle is the curved surface of the solid cone:

<math>\{(x,y,z) \in \mathbb R^3 \mid x^2 + y^2 = z^2 \mbox{ and } 0\leq z\leq 1\}.</math>

This in turn is homeomorphic to the closed disc.

In general, the cone over an n-sphere is homeomorphic to the closed (n+1)-ball.
The cone over an n-simplex is an (n+1)-simplex.

[edit] Properties

All cones are path-connected since every point can be connected to the vertex point. Furthermore, every cone is contractible to the vertex point by the homotopy

h_t(x,s) = (x, (1−t)s).

The cone is used in algebraic topology precisely because it embeds a space as a subspace of a contractible space.

[edit] Reduced cone

If <math>(X,x_0)</math> is a pointed space, there is a related construction, the reduced cone, given by

<math>X\times [0,1] / (X\times \left\{0\right\})

\cup(\left\{x_0\right\}\times [0,1])</math>

With this definition, the natural inclusion <math>x\mapsto (x,1)</math> becomes a based map, where we take <math>(x_0,0)</math> to be the basepoint of the reduced cone.