Constitution of South Africa

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South Africa
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Constitution Bill of Rights Government President Thabo Mbeki Deputy President Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka Ministers Parliament Council of Provinces National Assembly Speaker Leader of the Opposition Tony Leon Judiciary Constitutional Court Supreme Court of Appeal High Court Magistrates Courts Elections Political parties Provinces Foreign relations
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The current and official Constitution of the Republic of South Africa was adopted on 8 May 1996. It is the supreme law of South Africa.

1 History
2 Features
- 2.1 Chapters
- 2.2 Schedules
3 Amendments to the current constitution
4 Previous constitutions of South Africa
5 External links
6 See also

[edit] History

The South African Constitutional Court played an important role in the adoption of the 1996 Constitution. In terms of the interim constitution, the Parliament sitting as the Constitutional Assembly was required to produce a new constitution. In turn, the court was required to certify that the new constitution complied with the 34 constitutional principles agreed upon in advance by the negotiators of the Interim Constitution. The court ruled that the constitutional text adopted by the Constitutional Assembly in May 1996 could not be certified. The court identified the features of the new text that did not in its view comply with the Constitutional Principles and gave its reasons for that view. The Constitutional Assembly then had to reconsider the text, taking the court’s reasons for non-certification into account.

The Constitutional Assembly reconvened and on 11 October 1996, it adopted an amended constitutional text, containing many changes from the previous text, some dealing with the court’s reasons for non-certification and others tightening up the text. The amended text was then sent to the Constitutional Court for certification. In its judgement in the Certification of the Amended Text of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (4 December 1996) the court held that all of the grounds for non-certification of the earlier text had been eliminated in the new draft and accordingly certified that the text complied with the requirements of the Constitutional Principles. The text duly became the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa in 1996 and came into effect in February 1997. It has been amended twelve times since its adoption. On 8 May 2006 the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the constitution was celebrated in parliament.

[edit] Features

The constitution consists of a preamble, fourteen chapters followed by seven schedules. Each chapter and schedule focus on a specific topic. The following is a list of chapters and schedules and the focus of each.

[edit] Chapters

Chapter 1 of the Constitution is entitled "Founding Provisions." It enshrines in the constitution key national principles, identifies the flag of South Africa and lists the official languages. By virtue of section 2 of chapter 1, all statutes that conflict with the Constitution are of no force or effect.

South Africa is defined in this chapter as being a democratic, independent republic based upon the principles of protecting dignity, human rights and the rule of law. Values of dignity and human rights are repeated in Chapter 2.

The official languages are identified by section 6 as being Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu. The government of South Africa is also required to promote usage of native languages. Choice of language by national or municipal government should take into consideration the most relevant language to the area affected. Section 6 also requires that a Pan South African Language Board must advance the use of all official languages, and to respect the citizens' use of other languages such as German or Urdu.

Other chapters are,

Chapter 2 - Bill of Rights
Chapter 3 - Co-operative Government
Chapter 4 - Parliament
Chapter 5 - The President and National Executive
Chapter 6 - Provinces
Chapter 7 - Local Government
Chapter 8 - Courts and Administration of Justice
Chapter 9 - State Institutions Supporting Constitutional Democracy
Chapter 10 - Public Administration
Chapter 11 - Security Services
Chapter 12 - Traditional Leaders
Chapter 13 - Finance
Chapter 14 - General Provisions

[edit] Schedules

Schedule 1 - National Flag
Schedule 2 - Oaths and Solemn Affirmations
Schedule 3 - Election Procedures
Schedule 4 - Functional Areas of Concurrent National and Provincial Legislative Competence
Schedule 5 - Functional Areas of Exclusive Provincial Legislative Competence
Schedule 6 - Transitional Arrangements
Schedule 7 - Laws Repealed

[edit] Amendments to the current constitution

There have been twelve amendments since 1996, and amendments No 13 and 14 currently being considered.

Amendment	Act	Date assented	Brief description of issues dealt with
1	Act 35 of 1997	1997-08-28	Oath for acting presidents. Extended amnesty.
2	Act 65 of 1998	1998-09-28	Extend terms of municipal councils. Commissions. Transition arrangement for local government.
3	Act 87 of 1998	1998-10-20	Cross border municipalities.
4*	Act 3 of 1999	1999-03-17	Provincial election dates. NCOP seat allocation.
5*	Act 2 of 1999	1999-03-17	Election dates. Financial and fiscal commission chairperson.
6	Act 34 of 2001	2001-11-20	Title of Chief Justice. Appointment of deputy ministers. Municipal borrowing.
7	Act 61 of 2001	2001-12-07	Cabinet member responsible for financial matters.
8	Act 18 of 2002	2002-06-19	Municipal floor-crossing
9	Act 21 of 2002	2002-06-19	NCOP delegates (floor-crossing)
10	Act 2 of 2003	2003-03-19	National assembly and provincial legislature floor-crossing
11	Act 3 of 2003	2003-04-09	Financial matters. Name of Limpopo province. National/provincial intervention in provincial/local affairs.
12	Act 39 of 2005	2005-12-22	Provincial borders

* Act 3 of 1999 is known as the "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Amendment Act 1999" and Act 2 as the "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act 1999". They are therefore listed here as the fourth and fifth amendments of the Constitution respectively. As they were assented to on the same day, presumably this is the order in which the president signed them.