Francais | English | Espanõl

List of dukes, kings, counts, and margraves of Provence

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Counts of Provence)
Jump to: navigation, search

The land of Provence has a history quite separate from that of any of the larger nations of Europe. Its independent existence has its origins in the frontier nature of the dukedom in Merovingian Gaul. In this position, influenced and effected by several different cultures on different sides, the Provençals maintained a unity which was reinforced when it was created a separate kingdom in the Carolingian decline of the later ninth century. Provence was eventually joined to the other Burgundian kingdom, but it remained ruled by its own powerful, and largely independent, counts.

In the eleventh century, Provence became disputed between the traditional comital line and the counts of Toulouse, who claimed the title of "Margrave of Provence." In the High Middle Ages, the title of Count of Provence belonged to local families of Frankish origin, to the House of Barcelona, to the House of Anjou and to a cadet branch of the House of Valois. After 1032, the county was part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was inherited by King Louis XI of France in 1481, and definitely incorporated into the French royal domain by his son Charles VIII in 1484.

Contents

[edit] Merovingian dukes

During the period of the Merovingian dynasty in Gaul, Provence was a province ruled by duces (dukes), military leaders and district commanders who served as defenders of the frontiers of the kingdom and ruled over vast territories as opposed to the comites (counts), who ruled the cities and their environs. Provence was usually a part of the division of the Frankish realm known as Burgundy, which was treated as its own kingdom. There title sometimes appears as rector Provinciae.

This is an incomplete list of the known Merovingian-appointed dukes of Provence.

[edit] Carolingian kings

After the division of the Carolingian Empire by the Treaty of Verdun (843), the first of the fraternal rulers of the three kingsom to die was Lothair I, who divided his middle kingdom in accordance with the custom of the Franks between his three sons. Out of this division came the Kingdom of Provence, given to Lothair's youngest son, Charles. A heritage of royal rule was thus inaugurated in Provence that, though it was often subsumed into one of its larger neighbouring kingdoms, it was just as often proclaiming its own sovereigns.

The kingdom of Provence was also known as Lower Burgundy (or Cisjurane Burgundy). Its capital was first Vienne then Arles and it is therefore sometimes known as Arelate.

Provence divided between surviving brothers, Lothair II and the Emperor Louis II. The bulk goes to Louis.
As with his Kingdom of Italy, Louis's Provence goes to his uncle on his death.
With the death of Louis, Charles' successor, Provence refused to elect his two sons and instead elected one of their own as king. Boso married Ermengard, daughter of Louis II, to strengthen his and his son's claim.
Louis's kingdom did not pass to his heirs, but instead to his brother-in-law, the husband of his sister, Hugh, who had acted as his regent since 905.
In 933, Provence ceases to be a separate kingdom as Hugh exchanged it with Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy for the Iron Crown of Lombardy, that is, rule of Italy.

[edit] Early Counts of Provence

For predecessors, see Counts of Arles.

The first known rulers of Provence, some of whom may have styled themselves Kings or Dukes or Marquesses of Provence, descend from Rotbold or Roubaud (between 949 and 965) and his son Boson of Arles (b. 928 - d. 965/7), of a noble Frankish family which constituted the so called First House of Burgundy. Count Boson of Arles received Provence in 947. Upon his death his two sons, Guilhem I the Liberator (b. 950, d. 994) and Rotbold (Roubaud) II (b. 961, d. 1008) succeeded him without dividing his dominions. This indivisibility was maintained by their respective descendants. It is thus impossible to ascertain who succeeded whom in the County as various reigns overlap.

Gerberge II died in 1112, passing the county to her daughter Douce I, whose husband, Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, thus became Ramon Berenguer I of Provence.

[edit] Counts of Provence of the House of Barcelona

With a lack of success in the Reconquista on their southern frontier, the Catalans turned towards the Mediterranean littoral and northwards. They coveted the region between the Cévennes and the Rhône, then under the control of Toulouse. In 1112, the count of Barcelona, Ramon Berenguer III, married the heiress of Provence, Douce, who was the daughter of the Countess Gerberga of Provence, Gévaudan, Carladais, and part of Rodez. The marriage was probably taken at the urging of the church, which was then in conflict with house of Toulouse. In 1076, Count Raymond IV was excommunicated, but he still lent his support to Aicard, the deposed archbishop of Arles (since 1080). With the count away on the First Crusade, the church took the opportunity to seize the balance of power in the region. This marraige effectively put Provence under Catalan control.

In 1125, Raymond's heir, Alfonso Jordan, signed a treaty whereby his family's traditional claim to the title of "Margrave of Provence" was recognised and the march of Provence was defined as the region north of the lower Durance and on the right of the Rhône, including the castles of Beaucaire, Valabrègue, and Argence. The region between the Durance, the Rhône, the Alps, and the sea was that of the county and belonged to the house of Barcelona. Avignon, Pont de Sorgues, Caumont. and Thor remained undivided.

Innternally, Provence was racked by uncertainties over the rights of succession. Douce and Ramon Berenguer signed all charters jointly until her death in 1127, after which he alone appears as count in all charters until his death in 1131. At that time, Douce's younger sister, Stephanie was married to Raymond of Baux, who promptly laid claim to the inheritance of her mother, even though Provence had peacefully passed into the hands of her nephew, Berenguer Ramon I.

Ramon Berenguer IV left no male heirs, so he left the counties of Provence and Forcalquier to his fourth daughter, Beatrice, and her husband, Charles of Anjou.

NOTES:

  1. To accommodate claims of the count of Toulouse in 1125 Provence was divided along the Durance. Lands north of the river constituted the marquessate of Provence, ruled by Toulouse, and south of the river was the county proper, ruled by the House of Barcelona.
  2. The County of Forcalquier was incorporated into the domains of Alfonso II upon his marriage with Gersande de Forcalquier (1193).

[edit] Angevin Counts of Provence-Forcalquier, Kings of Naples

Queen Joan died heirless, leaving the county to Louis I of Anjou, son of King John II of France the Good, of the House of Valois.

[edit] Counts of Provence and Forcalquier, Dukes of Anjou and (nominal) Kings of Sicily, of the Valois-Anjou dynasty

  • 1382-1384 Louis I of Anjou, Count and then Duke of Anjou (1351), Duke of Calabria and Count of Maine (1356), Duke of Touraine (1370), nominal King of Sicily (1382)
  • 1384-1417 Louis II of Anjou, Duke of Anjou, Calabria and Touraine, Count of Maine, nominal King of Sicily (1384), Count of Guise (1404), son of Louis I
  • 1417-1434 Louis III of Anjou, Duke of Anjou and Touraine, nominal King of Sicily (1417), Duke of Calabria (1424), son of Louis II
  • 1434-1480 René I of Naples the Good, Count of Guise (1417-1422), Duke of Lorraine and Bar (1431), King of Naples and (nominal) Sicily and Jerusalem (1434-1442), Duke of Anjou and Touraine (1434), King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona (in dispute, 1466-1472), son of Louis II
  • 1480-1481 Charles III (V of Maine), also known as Charles of Maine, Count of Maine and Guise (1472), nephew of René I

Upon his death the heirless Charles du Maine bequeathed the counties of Provence-Forcalquier to King Louis XI of France. From this point, the title of Count of Provence becomes simply one of the many hereditary titles of the French monarchy. The only time the title was used following this time was by the future Louis XVIII of France, who was known as the Comte de Provence until the death of his nephew Louis XVII in 1795, when he claimed the French throne.ca:Llista de comtes de Provença fr:Liste des souverains de Provence

Retrieved from "http://en.wikivisual.com/index.php/List_of_dukes%2C_kings%2C_counts%2C_and_margraves_of_Provence"
Personal tools