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iTonguefishes
Image:Symphurus pusillus.jpg Northern tonguefish, Symphurus pusillus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Pleuronectiformes Family: Cynoglossidae
Genera
Cynoglossus Paraplagusia Symphurus See text for species.

Tonguefishes are a family, Cynoglossidae, of flatfishes.<ref name="fishbase">"Cynoglossidae". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. February 2006 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2006.</ref>

They are found in tropical and subtropical oceans, mainly in shallow waters and estuaries, though a few species found in deep sea floors, and a few in rivers.

[edit] Species

There are 136 species in 3 genera:<ref name="fishbase"/><ref>Cynoglossidae (TSN 173060). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed on 2 April 2006.</ref>

• Genus Cynoglossus
  • Three-lined tongue sole, Cynoglossus abbreviatus (Gray, 1834).
  • Natal tongue-fish, Cynoglossus acaudatus Gilchrist, 1906.
  • Sharpnose tonguesole, Cynoglossus acutirostris Norman, 1939.
  • Largescale tonguesole, Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider, 1801).
  • Fourline tonguesole, Cynoglossus attenuatus (Gilchrist & Thompson, 1917).
  • Fourlined tonguesole, Cynoglossus bilineatus (Lacépède, 1802).
  • Southern tongue sole, Cynoglossus broadhursti Waite, 1905.
  • Nigerian tonguesole, Cynoglossus browni Chabanaud, 1949.
  • Ghanian tonguesole, Cynoglossus cadenati Chabanaud, 1947.
  • Canary tonguesole, Cynoglossus canariensis Steindachner, 1882.
  • Sand tonguefish, Cynoglossus capensis (Kaup, 1858).
  • Hooked tonguesole, Cynoglossus carpenteri Alcock, 1889.
  • Bengal tongue sole, Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton, 1822).
  • Roundhead toungesole, Cynoglossus dispar Day, 1877.
  • Cynoglossus dollfusi (Chabanaud, 1931).
  • Carrot tonguesole, Cynoglossus dubius Day, 1873.
  • Durban tonguesole, Cynoglossus durbanensis Regan, 1921.
  • River tonguesole, Cynoglossus feldmanni (Bleeker, 1853).
  • Ripplefin tonguesole, Cynoglossus gilchristi Regan, 1920.
  • Cynoglossus gracilis Günther, 1873.
  • Freshwater tongue sole, Cynoglossus heterolepis Weber, 1910.
  • Genko sole, Cynoglossus interruptus Günther, 1880.
  • Cynoglossus itinus (Snyder, 1909).
  • Red tonguesole, Cynoglossus joyneri Günther, 1878.
  • Cynoglossus kapuasensis Fowler, 1905.
  • Shortheaded tonguesole, Cynoglossus kopsii (Bleeker, 1851).
  • Lachner's tonguesole, Cynoglossus lachneri Menon, 1977.
  • Roughscale tonguesole, Cynoglossus lida (Bleeker, 1851).
  • Cynoglossus lighti Norman, 1925.
  • Cynoglossus lineolatus Steindachner, 1867.
  • Long tongue sole, Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton, 1822.
  • Cynoglossus maccullochi Norman, 1926.
  • Cynoglossus macrolepidotus (Bleeker, 1851).
  • Big-eyed tongue-sole, Cynoglossus macrophthalmus Norman, 1926.
  • Malabar tonguesole, Cynoglossus macrostomus Norman, 1928.
  • Cynoglossus maculipinnis Rendahl, 1921.
  • Threeline tonguesole, Cynoglossus marleyi Regan, 1921.
  • Cynoglossus melampetalus (Richardson, 1846).
  • Smallscale tonguesole, Cynoglossus microlepis (Bleeker, 1851).
  • Guinean tonguesole, Cynoglossus monodi Chabanaud, 1949.
  • Cynoglossus monopus (Bleeker, 1849).
  • Cynoglossus nigropinnatus Ochiai, 1963.
  • Cynoglossus ogilbyi Norman, 1926.
  • Cynoglossus oligolepis (Bleeker, 1854).
  • Cynoglossus pottii Steindachner, 1902.
  • Speckled tonguesole, Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson, 1846).
  • Cynoglossus purpureomaculatus Regan, 1905.
  • Cynoglossus robustus Günther, 1873.
  • Cynoglossus roulei Wu, 1932.
  • Cynoglossus sealarki Regan, 1908.
  • Bengal tongue-sole, Cynoglossus semifasciatus Day, 1877.
  • Tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, 1873.
  • Senegalese tonguesole, Cynoglossus senegalensis (Kaup, 1858).
  • Cynoglossus sibogae Weber, 1913.
  • Cynoglossus sinicus Wu, 1932.
  • Cynoglossus sinusarabici (Chabanaud, 1931).
  • Cynoglossus suyeni Fowler, 1934.
  • Cynoglossus trigrammus Günther, 1862.
  • Macau sole, Cynoglossus trulla (Cantor, 1849).
  • Cynoglossus waandersii (Bleeker, 1854).
  • Zanzibar tonguesole, Cynoglossus zanzibarensis Norman, 1939.
• Genus Paraplagusia
  • Doublelined tonguesole, Paraplagusia bilineata (Lacépède, 1802).
  • Bloch's tonguesole, Paraplagusia blochii (Bleeker, 1851).
  • Paraplagusia guttata (Macleay, 1878).
  • Black cow-tongue, Paraplagusia japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846).
  • Long-snouted tongue sole, Paraplagusia longirostris Chapleau, Renaud & Kailola, 1991.
  • Dusky tongue sole, Paraplagusia sinerama Chapleau & Renaud, 1993.
• Genus Symphurus
  • Caribbean tonguefish, Symphurus arawak Robins & Randall, 1965.
  • Inkspot tonguefish, Symphurus atramentatus Jordan & Bollman, 1890.
  • California tonguefish, Symphurus atricaudus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880).
  • Symphurus australis (Rendahl, 1922).
  • Symphurus bathyspilus Krabbenhoft & Munroe, 2003.
  • Kriete's tonguefish, Symphurus billykrietei Munroe, 1998.
  • Chocolate tonguefish, Symphurus callopterus Munroe & Mahadeva, 1989.
  • Symphurus caribbeanus Munroe, 1991.
  • Chabanaud's tonguefish, Symphurus chabanaudi Mahadeva & Munroe, 1990.
  • Offshore tonguefish, Symphurus civitatium Ginsburg, 1951.
  • Devil's tonguefish, Symphurus diabolicus Mahadeva & Munroe, 1990.
  • Spottedfin tonguefish, Symphurus diomedeanus (Goode & Bean, 1885).Image:Symphurus diomedeanus.jpg
  • Elongate tonguefish, Symphurus elongatus (nil).
  • Banded tongue-fish, Symphurus fasciolaris Gilbert, 1892.
  • Symphurus fuscus Brauer, 1906.
  • Symphurus gilesii (Alcock, 1889).
  • Ginsburg's tonguefish, Symphurus ginsburgi Menezes & Benvegnú, 1976.
  • Gorgonian tonguefish, Symphurus gorgonae Chabanaud, 1948.
  • Symphurus hondoensis Hubbs, 1915.
  • Symphurus insularis Munroe, Brito & Hernández, 2000.
  • Jenyn's tonguefish, Symphurus jenynsi Evermann & Kendall, 1907.
  • Symphurus kyaropterygium Menezes & Benvegnú, 1976.
  • Lee's tonguefish, Symphurus leei Jordan & Bollman, 1890.
  • Elongate tonguesole, Symphurus ligulatus (Cocco, 1844).
  • Symphurus lubbocki Munroe, 1990.
  • Symphurus luzonensis Chabanaud, 1955.
  • Symphurus macrophthalmus (Norman, 1926).
  • Symphurus maldivensis Chabanaud, 1955.
  • Margined tonguefish, Symphurus marginatus (Goode & Bean, 1886).Image:Symphurus marginatus.jpg
  • Symphurus marmoratus (Bleeker, 1851).
  • Drab tonguefish, Symphurus melanurus Clark, 1936.
  • Blackstripe tonguefish, Symphurus melasmatotheca Munroe & Nizinski, 1990.
  • Smallfin tonguefish, Symphurus microlepis (Bleeker, 1851).
  • Symphurus microrhynchus (Weber, 1913).
  • Largescale tonguefish, Symphurus minor Ginsburg, 1951.
  • Freckled tonguefish, Symphurus nebulosus (Goode & Bean, 1883).Image:Symphurus nebulosus.jpg
  • Tonguesole, Symphurus nigrescens Rafinesque, 1810.
  • Norman's tonguesole, Symphurus normani Chabanaud, 1950.
  • Symphurus novemfasciatus Shen & Lin, 1984.
  • Double-spot tonguesole, Symphurus ocellatus (nil).
  • Symphurus oculellus Munroe, 1991.
  • Spotfin tonguefish, Symphurus oligomerus Mahadeva & Munroe, 1990.
  • Ocellated tonguefish, Symphurus ommaspilus Böhlke, 1961.
  • Symphurus orientalis (Bleeker, 1879).
  • Pygmy tonguefish, Symphurus parvus Ginsburg, 1951.
  • Longtail tonguefish, Symphurus pelicanus Ginsburg, 1951.
  • Deepwater tonguefish, Symphurus piger (nil).Image:Symphurus piger.jpg
  • Blackcheek tonguefish, Symphurus plagiusa (Linnaeus, 1766).
  • Duskycheek tonguefish, Symphurus plagusia (Bloch & Schneider, 1801).
  • Halfstriped tonguefish, Symphurus prolatinaris Munroe, Nizinski & Mahadeva, 1991.
  • Northern tonguefish, Symphurus pusillus (Goode & Bean, 1885).
  • Symphurus regani Weber & de Beaufort, 1929.
  • Symphurus reticulatus Munroe, 1990.
  • Patchtail tonguefish, Symphurus rhytisma Böhlke, 1961.
  • Symphurus schultzi Chabanaud, 1955.
  • Sevenband tonguesole, Symphurus septemstriatus (Alcock, 1891).
  • Blotchfin tonguefish, Symphurus stigmosus Munroe, 1998.
  • Blackbelly tonguesole, Symphurus strictus Gilbert, 1905.
  • Symphurus tessellatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824).
  • Trewavas' tonguefish, Symphurus trewavasae Chabanaud, 1948.
  • Threeband tonguesole, Symphurus trifasciatus (Alcock, 1894).
  • Symphurus undatus Gilbert, 1905.
  • Dark cheek tongue, Symphurus undecimplerus Munroe & Nizinski, 1990.
  • Spottail tonguefish, Symphurus urospilus Ginsburg, 1951.
  • Symphurus vanmelleae Chabanaud, 1952.
  • Symphurus variegatus (Gilchrist, 1903).
  • Mottled tonguefish, Symphurus varius Garman, 1899.
  • William's tonguefish, Symphurus williamsi Jordan & Culver, 1895.
  • Symphurus woodmasoni (Alcock, 1889).

[edit] References

<references/>de:Hundszungen (Fische) fr:Cynoglossidae ja:ウシノシタ lt:Kairiaakiai jūrų liežuviai pt:Cynoglossidae