Daydream
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- Daydreaming redirects here. For other uses, see Daydream (disambiguation).
A daydream is a fantasy that a person has while awake, often about spontaneous and fanciful thoughts not connected to the person's immediate situation. <ref>Eric Klinger. Psychology Today. October 1987</ref> There are so many different types of daydreaming that there is still no consensus definition amongst psychologists. <ref>Eric Klinger. Psychology Today. October 1987</ref> While daydreams may include fantasies about future scenarios or plans, reminiscences about past experiences, or vivid dream-like images, they are often connected with some type of emotion.
Daydream may take the form of a train of thought, leading the daydreamer away from being aware of his or her immediate surroundings, and concentrating more and more on these new directions of thought. To an observer, they may appear to be affecting a blank stare into the distance, and only a sudden stimulus will startle the daydreamer out of their reverie.
While daydreaming has long been derided as a lazy, non-productive pastime, as can be seen in the use of the derogatory phrase “pipe dream” to refer to daydreaming, daydreaming can be constructive in some contexts. There are numerous examples of people in a creative or artistic careers, such as composers, novelists, and filmmakers, developing new ideas through daydreaming. Similarly, research scientists, mathematicians, and physicists have developed new ideas by daydreaming about their subject areas.
Of course, when a person daydreams excessively, it may be bad for some individuals, such as in the case of severely depressed people who daydream about their shortcomings, thus miring themselves further in their depression. However, people who daydream more than average may have some psychological strengths, such as increased empathy. As well, some psychologists use the mental imagery created during their clients’ daydreaming to diagnose clients and help them to gain insights about their mental state.
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[edit] History
For much of the past, daydreaming was held in disrepute in the Western world, and it was associated with laziness. In the late 1800s, Sigmund Freud argued that some daydreams with grandiose fantasies are self-gratifying attempts at "wish fulfillment." Freud also called daydreaming infantile and neurotic. In the 1950s, some educational psychologists warned parents not to let their children daydream, for fear that the children may be sucked into "neurosis and even psychosis."<ref>Eric Klinger. Psychology Today. October 1987</ref>
In the late 1960s, psychologist Jerome L. Singer of Yale University and psychologist John S. Antrobus of the City College of New York created a daydream questionnaire. The questionnaire, called the Imaginal Processes Inventory (IPI) has been used to investigate daydreams. Psychologists Leonard Giambra and George Huba used the IPI on subjects and found that daydreamers' imaginary images vary in three ways: how vivid or enjoyable the daydreams are; how many guilt- or fear-filled daydreams they have; and how "deeply" into the daydream people go. <ref>Eric Klinger. Psychology Today. October 1987</ref>
[edit] Recent research
Eric Klinger's research in the 1980s showed that most daydreams are about ordinary, everyday events, and help to remind us of mundane tasks. Klinger's research also showed that over 3/4 of workers in boring jobs, such as lifeguards and truck drivers, use vivid daydreams to "ease the boredom" of their routine tasks. Klinger found that explicitly sexual thoughts and daydreams were less than five percent of the total daydreaming, and violent daydreams were also uncommon. <ref>Eric Klinger. Psychology Today. October 1987</ref>
Israeli high school students who scored high on the daydreaming scale of the IPI had more empathy than students who got a low score on the IPI test. Some psychologists, such as Los Angeles’ Joseph E. Shorr use the mental imagery created during their clients’ daydreaming to diagnose clients and help them to gain insights about their mental state.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
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