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Tritone paradox

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The tritone paradox is an auditory illusion created by Diana Deutsch (creator of a number of auditory illusions) based on an earlier suggestion published by Roger Shepard<ref>R.N. Shepard. Circularity in judgments of relative pitch. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 36(12):2346--2353, 1964.</ref>. In the illusion, two Shepard tones exactly half an octave apart, a tritone, are played; Shepard predicted that they would constitute a bistable figure, the auditory equivalent of the Necker cube, that could be heard ascending or descending, but never both at the same time. Diana Deutsch later found that perception of which tone was higher was dependent on the absolute frequencies involved: an individual will tend to consistently find the same tone as higher or lower, and this is determined by the tones' absolute pitch. This is consistently done by a large portion of the population, despite the fact that responding differently to different tones must involve the ability to hear absolute pitch, which was thought to be extremely rare. This finding has been used to argue for latent absolute pitch ability as present in a large proportion of the population. Deutsch also found that British and Californian subjects consistently resolved the ambiguity the opposite way.

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  • Deutsch, D. (1986). "A musical paradox". Music Perception 3: 275-280.
  • Deutsch, D. (1987). "The tritone paradox: effects of spectral variables". Percept Psychophys 41 (6): 563-75. PMID 3615152.
  • Deutsch, D., North, T., and Ray, L. (1990). "The tritone paradox: Correlate with the listener's vocal range for speech". Music Perception 7: 371-384.
  • Deutsch, D. (1991). "The tritone paradox: An influence of language on music perception". Music Perception 8: 335-347.
  • Deutsch, D. (1992). "Paradoxes of musical pitch". Scientific American 267: 88-95.
  • Deutsch, D. (1992). "Some new sound paradoxes and their implications". Auditory Processing of Complex Sounds; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B 336: 391-397. PMID 1354379.
  • Deutsch, D. (1998). "The tritone paradox: A link between music and speech". Current Directions in Psychological Science 6: 174-180.
  • Deutsch, D., Henthorn, T., and Dolson, M. (2004). "Speech Patterns Heard Early in Life Influence Later Perception of the Tritone Paradox". Music Perception 21: 357-372.


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