Differences between standard Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian
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The standard Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian languages differ in various aspects as outlined below. The various nuances do not present major obstacles in the communication; rather, they serve as the symbolic value that is assigned to them by their ethnically, religiously, socially and politically diverse group of speakers.
After the breakup of Yugoslavia, the Serbo-Croatian language, which was defined as the common and unified language of Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks and Montenegrins, also followed suit and officially split into three languages, still fully mutually intelligible.
It should be noted that Serbian and Bosnian language standards tend to be "inclusive", i.e. to accept a wider range of idioms and to use loan-words, while Croatian standard is more purist and prefers neologisms instead of loan-words. These approaches are, again, due to different cultural and historical development of the three languages.
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[edit] Outline
There are discerning opinions among linguists whether the differences between the three languages (or four, if Montenegrin language is included) are substantial to justify their treatment as separate languages.
Croatian linguist Miro Kačić has given the following general overview of differences between Croatian and Serbian languages<ref name="Kacic">Croatian and Serbian: Delusions and Distortions, Miro Kačić, Novi Most, Zagreb 1997</ref>. This blueprint can be, by extension, slightly modified to include Bosnian.
"In this book I have tried to present some of the fundamental delusions and distortions which have brought about the misconception, which is still present in world linguistics today, that Croatian and Serbian are one language. I have shown that Croatian and Serbian differ to a greater or lesser degree on all levels. These differences exist on the following ones:
- The level of literary language. There are two traditions of writing which are temporally and spatially separated due to the different historical, cultural and literary development of the two nations.
- The level of standard language. The two traditions of linguistic codification are completely disparate. The period of Croato-Serbian normative convergence, from the time of Croatian "Vukovians" to the imposed unification of these two languages in the former Yugoslavia, is only an interval in the development of the Croatian linguistic norm. As a turning point, this period was atypical with respect to three centuries of this development.
- The level of genetic relatedness. Croatian is based on three dialects, while Serbian is dominated by a single dialect (with the exception of the peripheral Torlak idiom). The interference between three Croatian dialects which provided the basis for Croatian writing and literature has uninterruptedly existed for centuries as a formative force in the codification of standard Croatian.
- The typological level. Differences exist on all levels of the linguistic system: phonetic/phonological, accentual, morphologic, word-formational, syntactic, semantic-pragmatic and lexical. Linguistic systems which differ on all these levels cannot be one language."
On the other hand, Ivo Pranjković, the author of Grammar of Croatian Language states that "On the level of standardology, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and even Montenegrin are different varieties, but of a same language. Thus, on purely linguistic level, or genetic level, on typological level, we're talking about one language and that must be clearly said. If anyone disagrees with that, let him present the arguments."<ref name="Pranjkovic1">(Croatian) Interview with Ivo Panjković, Slobodna Dalmacija, February 7, 2006</ref> Since Pranjković's interview was presented as a sensational instance of a linguist "coming out" against the prevailing "nationalist" stream, it must be born in mind that it is probably disfigured for manipulative purposes in order to get as much attention as possible. Pranjković himself has stated in numerous cases (for instance in the language and culture paper "Vijenac", whose regular contributor he is) that "Ćorić (an opponent in a debate) does not, of course, agree with the contention I've stated at the beginning of my text, that Croatian and Serbian standard language, as far as they exist, function as separate standard languages". "<ref name="Pranjkovic2">(Croatian) "Croatian language and the policy of language unity", Vijenac, 1998</ref> Therefore, since he has devoted numerous texts in various polemics on standardology of Croatian and Serbian, Pranjković's view on the theme cannot be accurately deduced from a single, deliberately sensationalist interview.
[edit] Writing
[edit] Script
Though all could theoretically use either, the scripts differ:
- Croatian language uses the Latin alphabet.
- Bosnian language uses both Latin alphabet and Cyrillic alphabet (the latter, however, only formally).
- Serbian language uses both Cyrillic alphabet and Latin alphabet. (Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia and Republika Srpska. Latin script is also accepted as defined by laws, and used roughly by 1/3 of native speakers as the first script, although no official records exist).
Historically, Croats, Serbs and Montenegrins have used glagolica script; Croatian form was mostly "squared", while Serb form was "mostly" rounded. Still, both peoples rarely had mixed forms of glagolica letters used. Glagolica is the oldest South Slavic script.
There was another, less standardized script. It had more versions and names: arvacko pismo/arvatica (means the script used by Croats; name was used in Povaljska listina), bosanica/bosančica (means the script that was from Bosnia), begovica (used by beys), poljičica (means it was from Poljica region in southern Croatia). In some regions of Croatia, it was used until late 1860's, while Roman Catholic seminary in Omiš taught new priests in writing in that script ("arvacki šeminarij") .
Muslims in areas of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro also once used a modified Arabic script (based on the Ottoman version) until early in the 20th century, primarily for literary or artistic purposes.
[edit] Phonemes
All official languages have the same set of regular phonemes, so the Croatian/Serbian Latin and Serbian Cyrillic alphabets map 1:1. However, these letters/phonemes are not unknown to other South Slavic peoples.
In some regions of Croatia and Bosnia, the sounds "č" and "ć" and also "dž" and "đ" are either indistinct or pronounced as ć and đ respectively. Then, in some regions of Croatia, sounds "č" and "ć" are spoken in "softer" version - "č" is pronounced between literary "č" and "ć", while "ć" is spoken much softer; somewhere it turnes into "tj" (better to say, "t+soft vowel"). Similar is with "dž" and "đ". In some regions in Croatia, "dž" is spoken as "đ" or "ž", while "đ" sounds the same way as in literary standard, or as a "dj". Again, that is not reflected in the official language.
[edit] Orthography
The official language in Croatia alphabetically transliterates foreign names (and sometimes words) even in children's books [but not from Russian, and all other languages using Cyrillic alphabet] while the official language in Serbia performs a phonetic transcription of them whenever possible, regardless of alphabet. Officially, Bosnian language follows the Croatian example, but many books and newspapers phonetically transcribe foreign names.
Also, when the subject of the future tense is omitted, producing a reversal of infinitive and auxiliary "ću", only final "i" of the infinitive is elided in Croatian, while in Serbian the two are merged into single word. Bosnian accepts both variants:
- "Uradit ću to." (Croatian)
- "Uradiću to." (Serbian)
Regardless of spelling, the pronunciation is the same.
[edit] Speaking
[edit] Accentuation
In general, Shtokavian dialect has four types of accent (short falling, ı̏, short rising ì, long falling î, and long rising, í). In addition, the unstressed vowels can be short and long (ī); the latter occur only after the stressed syllable. In declension and verb conjugation, verb shifts, both by type and position, are very frequent.
The distinction between four accented and two unaccented types of stress is fully preserved in dialects of Bosnia in Herzegovina. (Including Bosniaks and Serbs, and to an extent Croats). In addition, a distinct characteristics of Bosnian dialects is stress shift to enclitics (e.g. phrase u Bosni (in Bosnia) will be pronounced /ȕbosni/ instead of /ubȍsni/ as in the rest of Shtokavian area).
Most Serbian dialects also preserve the four-accent system, but the unstressed lengths have been shortened or disappeared; accent shifts also survived (although not with all speakers in the same extent). Stress shift to enclitics is, however, rarer and mostly limited to negative verb constructs (ne znam = I don't know -> /nȅznām/).
As result, both Serbian and Bosnian official linguistic base the accentuation system on dialects of Eastern Herzegovina and Western Serbia. That system, promoted by media, has influenced to an extent the accentuation in northern Serbia, including Belgrade, where so-called Šumadija-Vojvodina subdialect prevailed.
The situation in Croatia, is, however, different. A large proportion of users of standard Croatian does not distinguish rising from falling accents, especially short ones. Post-accented lengths are all but disappeared, and the number of stress shifts is significantly reduced. <ref name="Brown">A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, Wayles Brown and Theresa Alt, SEELRC 2004</ref><ref name="Smiljanic">Lexical, Pragmatic, and Positional Effects on Prosody in Two Dialects of Croatian and Serbian, Rajka Smiljanic, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-97117-9 </ref> The current situation in official linguistics is somewhat unclear: most of older literature in circulation promotes the four-accent system, but it might be officially changed soon to a three-accent system (long falling, long rising, and short).[citation needed]
[edit] Phonetics
| Feature | Croatian | Serbian | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Opposition -u/e | burza | berza | stock-exchange |
| porculan | porcelan | porcelain | |
| Opposition -u/i | tanjur | tanjir | plate |
| Opposition -l/-o after o | sol | so | salt |
| kolčić | kočić | stick | |
| Serbian often drops letter H in the initial and medial position: | Had | Ad | Hades |
| čahura | čaura | cartridge | |
| hrvač | rvač | wrestler | |
| hrđa | rđa | rust |
[edit] Morphology
There are three variants of the Štokavian dialect that stem from different reflex of proto-Slavic vowel Jat. The jat appears in modern dialects in the following way: the Church Slavonic word for child, děte, is:
- dete in Ekavian
- dite in Ikavian
- dijete in Ijekavian
Serbian language recognizes ekavian and ijekavian as equal variants, while the Croatian and Bosnian uses only ijekavian. In Bosnia and Herzegovina (regardless of the official language) and in Montenegro, ijekavian is used almost exclusively.
Ikavian is limited to dialectal use in Dalmatia, Lika, Istria, Western Herzegovina, Turkish Croatia/Bosanska Krajina, Slavonia and northern Bačka (Vojvodina). So, for example:
| English | ekavian | ijekavian | ikavian |
|---|---|---|---|
| wind | vetar | vjetar | vitar |
| milk | mleko | mlijeko | mliko |
| to want | hteti | htjeti | htiti |
| arrow | strela | strijela | strila |
| But: | |||
| small arrow | strelica | strelica strjelica | strilica |
Bosnian official language allows both variants, and ambiguities are solved by preferring the Croatian variant, which is a general practice for Serbian-Croatian ambiguities.
Another example for phonetical differences is words which have h in Croatian and Bosnian, but v in Serbian:
| English | Serbian | Bosnian and Croatian |
|---|---|---|
| tobacco | duvan | duhan |
| to cook | kuvati | kuhati |
| dry | suvo | suho |
Phonetically and phonologically, the phoneme "h" is reinstated in many words as a distinct feature of Bosnian speech and language tradition, some Bosniaks prefer not to use the Serbian terminology. However, there are many people who do not speak this way. It is a regional or colloquial way of speaking.
| English | Bosnian | Croatian | Serbian |
|---|---|---|---|
| easy | lahko | lako | lako |
| soft | mehko | meko | meko |
| coffee | kahva | kava | kafa |
As ijekavian is the common dialect of all official languages, it will be used for examples on this page. Other than this, examples of different morphology are:
| English | Bosnian | Croatian | Serbian (ijekavian) |
|---|---|---|---|
| point | tačka | točka | tačka |
| correct | tačno | točno | tačno |
| municipality | općina | općina | opština |
| priest | svećenik | svećenik | sveštenik |
| male student | student | student | student |
| female student | studentica | studentica | studentkinja |
| male professor | profesor | profesor | profesor |
| female professor | profesorica | profesorica | profesorica |
| translator | prevodilac | prevoditelj | prevodilac |
| reader | čitalac | čitatelj | čitalac |
| But: | |||
| assembly | skupština | skupština | skupština |
| male president | predsjednik | predsjednik | predsjednik |
| female president | predsjednica | predsjednica | predsjednica |
| male Black | crnac | crnac | crnac |
| female Black | crnkinja | crnkinja | crnkinja |
| thinker | mislilac | mislilac | mislilac |
| teacher | učitelj | učitelj | učitelj |
[edit] Internationalisms
Also many internationalisms and transliterations are different:
| English | Bosnian | Croatian | Serbian |
|---|---|---|---|
| to organise | organizirati organizovati | organizirati | organizovati |
| to construct | konstruisati konstruirati | konstruirati | konstruisati |
| But: | |||
| to analyse | analizirati | analizirati | analizirati |
Historically, modern age internationalisms entered Bosnian and Croatian mostly through German and Italian, while Serbian received them through French and Russian, so different localization patterns were established based on those languages.
| English | Croatian | Serbian | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Betlehem | Betlehem | Vitlejem | Through Latin in Croatian, through Greek in Serbian |
| impedance | impedanca | impedansa | Through French in Serbian |
| Athens | Atena | Atina | |
| chlorine | klor | hlor | |
| But: | |||
| license | licenca | licenca | |
Most of chemical element names are different: for international names, Bosnian and Croatian use -ij where Serbian has -ijum (uranij–uranijum). In some native names, Bosnian and Croatian have -ik where Serbian has -(o)nik (kisik–kiseonik, vodik–vodonik). Yet others are totally different (dušik–azot, (Nitrogen), kositar–kalaj (Tin)). Some are the same: srebro (silver), zlato (gold), bakar (copper).
Still, it is important to note that there are words from Russian that are considered "to be in spirit of Croatian language", and are felt as Croatian, not as foreign word. Other Russian loanwords are considered as "serbisms".
Notes: the term "ostvariti" is preferred over "realizovati/realizirati"; here the word has been used as it is an internationalism. In the Bosnian language, the variant in braces is also allowed, but the other variant is preferred.
Some other imported words are of masculine gender in Serbian and Bosnian, but feminine gender in Croatian:
| English | Bosnian and Serbian | Croatian | |
|---|---|---|---|
| minute | minut | minuta | |
| But: | |||
| planet | planeta | planet | |
[edit] Pronouns
In Serbian and Bosnian, pronoun what has form što when used as relative, but šta when used as interrogative; the latter applies also to relative sentences with interrogative meaning. Croatian uses što in all contexts.
| English | Bosnian and Serbian | Croatian |
|---|---|---|
| What did he say? | Šta je rekao? | Što je rekao? |
| Ask him what he said. | Pitaj ga šta je rekao. | Pitaj ga što je rekao. |
| What he said was a lie. | To što je rekao je laž. | To što je rekao je laž. |
This is applicable only to nominative case – in all other cases, all languages have the same declension – čega, čemu etc. for što.
In Croatian, pronoun who has form tko, while Serbian and Bosnian use ko. The declension is same, kome, koga, etc. In addition, Croatian uses komu as an alternative form in dative case.
In Croatian, the preferred clitic form of accusative of personal pronoun ona (she) is ju (her). In Serbian and Bosnian, je is preferred.
Usage of locative pronouns gd(j)e, kuda i kamo differs between Serbian and Croatian (the latter not being used in Serbian):
| English | Serbian (Ijekavian) | Croatian |
|---|---|---|
| Where will you be? | Gdje ćeš biti? | Gdje ćeš biti? |
| Where will you go? | Gdje ćeš ići? (Kuda ćeš ići?) | Kamo ćeš ići? |
| Which way will you go? | Kuda ćeš ići? | Kuda ćeš ići? |
Note:
Gdje has answers in these adverbs: ovdje, tu, ondje, (here (where I am), there (where you are), there (neither by me nor by you), referring in certain point in space.
Kamo has answers in these adverbs:ovamo, tamo, onamo, with similar English translations, but these adverbs refere to the certain side, wider area, meaning here (on my side), there (on your side), there (neither by my side nor by your side).
[edit] Syntax
[edit] Infinitive vs. subjunctive
With modal verbs such as ht(j)eti (want) or moći (can), the infinitive is prescribed in Croatian, while the construction da (that/to) + present tense is preferred in Serbian. This is a remnant of subjunctive, and possibly an influence of Balkan linguistic union. Again, both alternatives are present and allowed in Bosnian.
The sentence "I want to do that" could be translated with any of
- Hoću to da uradim
- Hoću to uraditi
This difference partly extends to future tense, which in Serbo-Croatian is formed in a similar manner as in English, using (elided) present of verb "ht(j)eti" -> "hoću"/"hoćeš"/... -> "ću"/"ćeš"/... as auxiliary verb. Here, the infinitive is formally required in both variants:
- Ja ću to uraditi. (I shall do that.)
However, when da+present is used instead, in it can additionally express the subject's will or intention to perform the action:
- Ja ću to da uradim. (I will do that.)
This form is more frequently used in Serbia and Bosnia. The nuances in meaning between two constructs can be slight or even lost (especially in Serbian dialects), in similar manner as the shall/will distinction varies across English dialects. Overuse of da+present is regarded as Germanism in Serbian linguistic circles, and it can occasionally lead to awkward sentences.
However, Croatians seldom naturally use da+present form. Instead, a different form can be used to express will:
- Ja hoću to uraditi. (I want to do that.)
[edit] Interrogative constructs
In interrogative and relative constructs, Croatian uses the interrogative participle li after the verb, while Serbian also allows forms with da li. (A similar situation exists in French, where a question can be formed either by inversion or using est-ce que, and can be stretched in English with modal verbs):
- Možeš li? (Can you?) (Croatian and Serbian)
- Da li možeš? (Do you can?) (Serbian)
In addition, non-grammatical je li ("Is it?"), usually elided to jel', is vernacular for forming all kinds of questions, e.g. Jel' možeš?. In official language, it is used only in questions involving auxiliary verb je (="is"):
- Je li moguće? (Is it possible?) (Croatian and Serbian)
- Da li je moguće? (Serbian)
As a summary, English sentence "I want to know whether I'll start working" would typically read:
- Želim da znam da li ću da počnem da radim. (spoken Serbian)
- Želim znati hoću li početi raditi (spoken Croatian)
although many in-between combinations could be met in vernacular speech, depending on speaker's dialect, idiolect, or even mood.
[edit] Trebati (need)
In Croatian, verb trebati (need or should) is transitive, as in English. In Serbian and Bosnian, it is impersonal, (as French il faut, or English construct is necessary (to)); the grammatical subject is either omitted (it), or presents the object of needing; the person that needs something is an indirect grammatical object, in dative case:
| Serbian and Bosnian | English (literal trans.) | Croatian | English | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Petru treba novac. | Money [is necessary] to Peter. | Petar treba novac. | Peter needs money. | |
| Ne trebam ti. | I [am not necessary] to you | Ne trebaš me. | You don't need me. | |
| Treba da radim. | (It) [is necessary] that I work. | Trebam raditi. | I should work. |
[edit] Vocabulary
[edit] Examples
Most differences among the languages lie in the vocabulary. However, most words are well understood, or even occasionally used, in other languages; in most cases, common usage favors one variant while the other(s) are regarded as "imported", archaic, dialectal or simply, more rarely used.
| English | Serbian | Croatian | Bosnian |
|---|---|---|---|
| one thousand | hiljada | tisuća | hiljada |
| January <ref name="ref1">1) All month names are different. See below for full table. </ref> | januar | siječanj | januar siječanj |
| table | sto astal | stol | sto hastal |
| factory | fabrika | tvornica | fabrika tvornica |
| rice | pirinač | riža | riža |
| carrot | šargarepa mrkva | mrkva | mrkva |
| outer | spoljno | vanjsko | vanjsko |
| oil (food) | ulje zejtin | ulje | ulje |
| spinach | spanać | špinat | špinat |
| ladder | merdevine lojtre | ljestve skale (colloq.) lojtre (colloq.) | merdevine ljestve lotre |
| football | fudbal | nogomet | nogomet fudbal |
| train | voz | vlak | voz |
| wave | talas | val | val talas |
| person | lice | osoba | lice |
| uncivil | nevaspitan | neodgojen | neodgojen |
| one's own | sopstveno | vlastito | vlastito sopstveno |
| road <ref name="ref2">2) This is an excellent example of foreign influences. "Put" and "cesta" are Slavic, "drum" is Greek and "džada" is Turkish. Moreover, the central difference lies in the fact that Croatian is, unlike Serbian or Bosnian, a purist language, as it is the case with Czech, Slovak, Hungarian and German language.</ref> | put cesta drum džada | cesta put | put cesta drum džada |
| road toll | drumarina | cestarina | putarina |
| But: | |||
| dad | tata | tata | babo tata |
| tomato | paradajz | rajčica pomidor (colloq.) paradajz (colloq.) | paradajz |
| English | Serbian | Croatian | Bosnian |
|---|---|---|---|
| to comprehend | shvatati | shvaćati | shvatati |
| to accept | prihvatati | prihvaćati | prihvatati |
| happy, lucky | srećan | sretan | sretan |
| But: | |||
| to catch | hvatati | hvatati | hvatati |
Note that there are only a few differences that can cause confusion, for example the verb "ličiti" means "to look like" in Serbian and Bosnian, but in Croatian it is "sličiti"; "ličiti" means "to paint".
The word "bilo" means "white" in ikavian, "pulse" in official Croatian and "was" in all official languages, although it is not so confusing when pronounced because of different accentuation (bîlo or bílo = white, bı̏lo = pulse, bílo = was).
In Serbian, word izvanredan (extraordinary) has only the positive meaning (excellent), vanredan being used for "unusual" or "out of order"; however, only izvanredan is used in Croatian in both contexts. Thus, Croatian phrase izvanredno stanje (martial law) sounds funny to Serbian ears.
Also note that in most cases Bosnian officially allows all of the listed variants in the name of "language richness" (or lack thereof), and ambiguities are resolved by preferring the Croatian variant. Generally, no rule for the vocabulary treatment in Bosnian language can be deduced. Bosnian vocabulary writers based their decisions on usage of certain words in literary works by Bosnian authors.
[edit] Names of the months
In the Croatian language months have Slavic names, while Serbian and Bosnian use the same set of international Latin-derived names as English. But Slavic names may also be used in the Bosnian language as well; Latin-derived names are preferred.
| English | Croatian | Serbian | Bosnian |
|---|---|---|---|
| January | siječanj | januar | januar siječanj |
| February | veljača | februar | februar veljača |
| March | ožujak | mart | mart ožujak |
| April | travanj | april | april travanj |
| May | svibanj | maj | maj svibanj |
| June | lipanj | jun | juni lipanj |
| July | srpanj | jul | juli srpanj |
| August | kolovoz | avgust | august kolovoz |
| September | rujan | septembar | septembar rujan |
| October | listopad | oktobar | oktobar listopad |
| November | studeni | novembar | novembar studeni |
| December | prosinac | decembar | decembar prosinac |
International names of months are well understood in Croatia and several names of internationally important events are still commonly known using the international name of the month: "1. maj", "1. april", "oktobarska revolucija". In spoken Croatian it is common to refer to a month by its number, in order to be understood by e.g. Bosniaks or Serbs. Croats therefore often say "peti mjesec" ("the fifth month") for May if they speak to people from other cultures.
[edit] Notes on comprehension
It is important to notice a few issues:
- Pronunciation and vocabulary differs among dialects spoken within Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia themselves. Each larger region has its own pronunciation and it is reasonably easy to guess where a speaker is from by their accent and/or vocabulary. Colloquial vocabulary can be particularly different from the official standards.
This is one of the arguments for claiming it is all one and the same language: there are more differences within the territories of the official languages themselves than there are between the standards (all of which inherit from the standards established in Yugoslavian times, when Serbo-Croatian was the official language). This is not surprising, of course, for if the lines between the languages were drawn not politically but linguistically, then there would be no borders at all. As Pavle Ivić explains, the continuous migration of Slavic populations during the five hundred years of Turkish rule has scattered the local dialects all around.
- When Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats talk amongst each other, the other speakers usually understand them completely, save for the odd word, and quite often, they will know what that means. Nevertheless, when communicating with each other, there is a habit to use terms that are familiar to everyone, with the intent to avoid not being understood and/or confusion.
For example, to avoid confusion with the names of the months, they can be referred to as the "first month", "second month" and so on which makes it perfectly understandable for everyone. In Serbia, the names of the months are the international ones so again they are understandable for anyone who knows English or another Western European language.
- Entire books and movies have been "translated" from one language to another. However, the translation of the Serbian movie Rane (Wounds) into Croatian for example turned it from a tragedy into a comedy, as the whole audience was laughing at the "translation." On the other hand: probably the most bizarre case is Swiss psychologist Jung's masterpiece "Psychology and Alchemy"; translated into Croatian in 1986, and retranslated, in late 1990s, into Serbian not from the original German, but from Croatian. A translation and "translation's translation"; differ on virtually every page—orthographically, lexically, syntactically and semantically. However, these translations were done after the Yugoslav wars of secession, and the translations were taken to extreme distances to diverge the languages as much as possible. Recently a Croatian firm placed job ads in Belgrade and Podgorica dailies, looking to employ freelance translators and interpreters from Serbian to a number of foreign languages and vice-versa. Among them, the company was looking for 10 translators for the Bosniak and Montenegrin languages.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
[edit] References
<references />de:Unterschiede zwischen der kroatischen, der serbischen und der bosnischen Standardsprache es:Diferencias entre el diasistema serbocroata
