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Dove

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For other uses, see Dove (disambiguation).
"Pigeon" redirects here. For other uses, see Pigeon (disambiguation).
iPigeons and Doves
Image:Pigion052006.JPG
Rock Pigeon (Columba livia)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Columbiformes
Family: Columbidae
subfamily

see article text

Image:20020719041630 - Pigeon.jpg

Pigeons and doves are some 300 species of near passerine birds in the order Columbiformes. In general parlance the terms "dove" and "pigeon" are used somewhat interchangeably. In ornithological practice there is a tendency for "dove" to be used for smaller species and "pigeon" for larger ones, but this is in no way consistently applied, and historically the common names for these birds involve much variation between "dove" and "pigeon".

The species commonly referred to just as the "pigeon" is the feral Rock Pigeon, common in many cities.

Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.

The usually flimsy nests are made of sticks, and the two white eggs are incubated by both sexes. Doves feed on seeds, fruit and other soft plantstuff. Unlike most other birds (but see flamingo), the doves and pigeons produce "crop milk", which is secreted by a sloughing of fluid-filled cells from the lining of the crop. Both sexes produce this highly nutritious substance to feed to the young.

This family occurs worldwide, but the greatest variety is in the Indomalaya and Australasia ecozones. It is related to the extinct dodo. The young doves and pigeons are called "squabs".

Contents

[edit] Systematics and evolution

The family is usually divided into five subfamilies, but this is probably inaccurate. For example, the American ground and quail doves which are usually placed in the Columbinae seem to be two distinct subfamilies<ref> Basically, the conventional treatment had 2 large subfamilies, one for the fruit-doves, imperial pigeons and fruit-pigeons, and another for nearly all of the remaining species. Additionally, there were 3 monotypic subfamilies, one each for the genera Goura, Otidiphaps and Didunculus. The old subfamily Columbinae consists of 5 distinct lineages, whereas the other 4 groups are more or less accurate representations of the evolutionary relationships.</ref>. The order presented here follows Baptista et al. (1997) with some updates (Johnson & Clayton, 2000; Johnson et al., 2001; Shapiro et al., 2002).

Note that the arrangement of genera and naming of subfamilies is in some cases provisional because analyses of different DNA sequences yield results that differ, often radically, in the placement of certain (mainly Indo-Australian) genera. This ambiguity, probably caused by Long branch attraction, on the other hand seems to confirm that the first pigeons evolved in the Australasian region, and that the "Treronidae" and allied forms (crowned and pheasant pigeons, for example) represent the earliest radiation of the group.

Exacerbating these issues, columbids are not well represented in the fossil record. No really primitive forms have been found to date. The genus Gerandia which most likely belongs to the Columbinae has been described from Early Miocene deposits of France. Apart from that, all other fossils belong to extant genera. For these, and for the considerable number of more recently extinct prehistoric species, see the respective genus accounts.

[edit] Subfamily Columbinae—typical pigeons & doves

Image:ColumbaLivia.JPG

Genus Columba (Old World pigeons)

Image:White-headed pigeon.JPG
Feral pigeons in Kraków, Poland.
Image:Barbary Dove.JPG

Genus Streptopelia (turtledoves)

Genus Patagioenas (American pigeons; formerly included in Columba)

Image:Brown cuckoo dove.JPG

Genus Macropygia

Genus Reinwardtoena

Genus Turacoena

[edit] Subfamily N.N.—Bronzewings and relatives

Genus Turtur (African wood doves; subfamily assignment unclear)

Genus Oena (subfamily assignment unclear)

Image:Emerald Dove.JPG

Genus Chalcophaps

Genus Henicophaps

Genus Phaps

Genus Ocyphaps

Genus Geophaps

Genus Petrophassa, rock pigeons

Image:Bar shouldered dove.JPG

Genus Geopelia

[edit] Subfamily Leptotilinae—Zenaidine and quail doves

Genus Zenaida

Nestlings and mother Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura

Genus Ectopistes

Genus Leptotila

Genus Geotrygon, quail-doves

Genus Starnoenas

[edit] Subfamily Columbininae—American ground doves

Genus Columbina

Genus Claravis

Genus Metropelia

Genus Scardafella

Genus Uropelia

[edit] Subfamily N.N.—Indopacific ground doves

Image:Bleeding Heart Pigeon.JPG

Genus Gallicolumba

Genus Trugon

[edit] Subfamily Otidiphabinae—Pheasant Pigeon

Genus Otidiphaps

[edit] Subfamily Didunculinae—tooth-billed pigeon

Genus Didunculus

[edit] Subfamily Gourinae—crowned pigeons

Image:Bristol.zoo.victoria.crowned.pigeon.arp.jpg

Genus Goura

[edit] Subfamily N.N. ("Treroninae")—green and fruit doves and imperial pigeons

Genus Ducula (imperial pigeons)

Chestnut-naped Imperial Pigeon Ducula aenea paulina. Other names for this bird are Celebes Imperial Pigeon, Celebes Green Imperial Pigeon and Green Imperial Pigeon.
Image:Pied Imperial Pigeon.jpg

Genus Lopholaimus

Image:NZ-pigeon.JPG

Genus Hemiphaga

Genus Cryptophaps

Genus Gymnophaps (mountain pigeons)

Genus Ptilinopus (fruit doves)

Image:Ptilinopus porphyrea2.jpg

Genus Natunaornis

Genus Drepanoptila

Genus Alectroenas (blue pigeons)

[edit] Placement unresolved

Nicobar Pigeon Genus Caloenas

Genus Treron (green pigeons)

Genus Phapitreron (brown doves)

Image:DSC02713.JPG

Genus Leucosarcia

Genus Microgoura

Genus Dysmoropelia

Genus indeterminate

  • Henderson Island Archaic Pigeon, Columbidae gen. et sp. indet. (prehistoric)


[edit] Doves as food

Several species of pigeon or dove are used as food, and probably any could be; the powerful breast muscles characteristic of the family make excellent meat. In Europe the Wood Pigeon is commonly shot as a game bird, while Rock Pigeons were originally domesticated as a food species, and many breeds were developed for their meat-bearing qualities. The extinction of the Passenger Pigeon was at least partly due to shooting for use as food.

Doves are Kosher, and they and Turtle Doves are the only birds that may be used for a Korban. Other Kosher birds may be eaten, but not brought as a Korban.


[edit] Trivia

Image:Pigeonnier meybod.jpg
  • Doves can be trained and often are utilized in tricks and animal acts by magicians and showmen.
  • In the United States, "dove" is sometimes used as a street name for cocaine. Ecstasy pills are also sometimes referred to as "doves", due to a well-known "brand" of pills featuring an embossed dove.
  • Dove is a brand of American ice cream; their "Dove Bar", featuring a vanilla ice cream filling with a thin chocolate coating, is particularly well known.
  • Dove is also a brand of soaps, deodorants skin care and hair care products, manufactured by Unilever.
  • A "pigeon" is an English slang word to refer to an uneducated, naive, or unsophisticated person: one that is easily deceived or cheated by underhanded means. To be referred to as a "pigeon" or a "dupe" suggests unwariness in the person deluded — especially used in the slang language of gambling. Etymology: from Middle French duppe.
  • Glenn McGrath, and Australian Cricketer is nicknamed "Pigeon"

[edit] External links


[edit] References

  • Baptista, L. F.; Trail, P. W. & Horblit, H. M. (1997): Order Columbiformes. In: del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors): Handbook of birds of the world, Volume 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-22-9
  • Johnson, Kevin P. & Clayton, Dale H. (2000): Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genes Contain Similar Phylogenetic. Signal for Pigeons and Doves (Aves: Columbiformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 14(1): 141–151. PDF fulltext
  • Johnson, Kevin P.; de Kort, Selvino; Dinwoodey, Karen, Mateman, A. C.; ten Cate, Carel; Lessells, C. M. & Clayton, Dale H. (2001): A molecular phylogeny of the dove genera Streptopelia and Columba. Auk 118(4): 874-887. PDF fulltext
  • Shapiro, Beth; Sibthorpe, Dean; Rambaut, Andrew; Austin, Jeremy; Wragg, Graham M.; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P.; Lee, Patricia L. M. & Cooper, Alan (2002): Flight of the Dodo. Science 295: 1683. DOI:10.1126/science.295.5560.1683 (HTML abstract) Supplementary information

[edit] Footnotes

<references/>

[edit] See also

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[edit] Related to doves

[edit] Related to symbolism

[edit] Miscellaneous

ar:حمام ast:Palomba cy:Colomen de:Tauben el:Περιστέρι es:Paloma eo:Kolombedoj fr:Pigeon gl:Pomba ko:비둘기 io:Kolombo it:Columbidae la:Columba (avis) lt:Karveliniai hu:Galamb nl:Duiven en tortels nds-nl:Duve (voegel) ja:鳩 no:Due nn:Duefamilien pl:Gołębiowate pt:Columbidae ru:Голубь simple:Dove sv:Duvor vi:Chim bồ câu zh:鸠鸽科

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