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Edward Elgar

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Sir Edward Elgar
Sir Edward Elgar

Sir Edward Elgar, 1st Baronet, OM, GCVO (2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was an English Romantic composer. Several of his first major orchestral works, including the Enigma Variations and the Pomp and Circumstance Marches were greeted with acclaim. He also composed oratorios, chamber music, symphonies and instrumental concertos. He was appointed Master of the King's Musick in 1924.

Contents

[edit] Biography

[edit] Early years

Edward William Elgar was born in the small village of Lower Broadheath outside Worcester, Worcestershire, to William Elgar, a piano tuner and music dealer, and his wife Ann. The fourth of six children, Edward Elgar had three brothers, Henry, Frederick and Francis, and two sisters, Lucy and Susannah. His mother, Ann, had converted to Catholicism shortly before Edward's birth, so Edward was baptised and brought up as a Roman Catholic.

Surrounded by sheet music and instruments in his father's shop in Worcester's High Street, the young Elgar became self-taught in music. On warm summer days, he would take manuscripts into the countryside to study them (he was a passionate and adventurous early cyclist who learnt to cycle from the very early age of 5). Thus there began for him a strong association between music and nature. As he was later to say, "There is music in the air, music all around us, the world is full of it and you simply take as much as you require."

Having left school at the age of 15, he began work for a local solicitor, but after a year embarked on a musical career, giving piano and violin lessons. At 22 he took up the post of bandmaster at the Worcester and County Lunatic Asylum in Powick, three miles south-west of Worcester. He composed here too; some of the pieces for the asylum orchestra (music in dance forms) were rediscovered and performed locally in 1996.

In many ways, his years as a young Worcestershire violinist were his happiest. He played in the first violins at the Worcester and Birmingham Festivals, and one great experience was to play Antonín Dvořák's Sixth Symphony and Stabat Mater under the composer's baton. Elgar was thrilled by Dvořák's orchestration and this remained an influence on his own style for more than a decade. [citation needed]

At 29, through his teaching, he met (Caroline) Alice Roberts, a Major-General's daughter (shades of Gilbert and Sullivan) and an author of verse and prose fiction. He married her three years later against the wishes of her family, giving her as an engagement present the short violin and piano piece Salut d'amour. The Elgars moved to London to be closer to the centre of British musical life, and Edward started composing in earnest. The stay was unsuccessful, however, and they were obliged to return to Great Malvern, where Edward could earn a living teaching.

[edit] Growing reputation

During the 1890s Elgar gradually built up a reputation as a composer, chiefly of works for the great choral festivals of the Midlands. The Black Knight, King Olaf (1896), The Light of Life and Caractacus were all modestly successful and he obtained a long-standing publisher in Novello and Company.

In 1899, at the age of 42, his first major orchestral work, the Enigma Variations, was premiered in London under the baton of the eminent German conductor Hans Richter. It was received with general acclaim, establishing Elgar as the pre-eminent British composer of his generation. This work is formally titled Variations on an Original Theme; the word "Enigma" appears over the first six measures of music, which led to the familiar version of the title. The enigma is that, although there are fourteen variations on the "original theme", the 'enigma' theme, which Elgar said 'runs through and over the whole set' is never heard. Many later commentators have observed that although Elgar is today regarded as a characteristically English composer, his orchestral music and this work in particular share much with the Central European tradition typified at the time by the work of Richard Strauss. Indeed, the Enigma Variations were well-received in Germany.

The following year saw the production at the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival of his choral setting of Cardinal Newman's poem The Dream of Gerontius. Despite a disastrous first performance due to poorly-prepared performers, the work was established within a few years as one of Elgar's greatest, and it is now regarded as one of the finest examples of English choral music from any era.

Elgar is probably best known for the Pomp and Circumstance Marches (1901). Shortly after their composition, Elgar was asked to set the first march to words by A C Benson as a Coronation Ode to mark the coronation of King Edward VII. The suggestion had already been made (allegedly by the future King himself) that words should be fitted to the broad tune which formed the trio section of this march. Against the advice of his friends, Elgar suggested that Benson furnish further words to allow him to include it in the new work. The result was Land of Hope and Glory, which formed the finale of the ode and was also issued (with slightly different words) as a separate song.

Between 1902 and 1914 Elgar enjoyed phenomenal success, made four visits to the USA including one conducting tour, and earned considerable fees from the performance of his music. Between 1905 and 1908 Elgar held the post of Professor of Music at the University of Birmingham. His lectures there caused controversy owing to remarks he made about other English composers and English music in general; he was quoted as saying "English music is white - it evades everything". The University of Birmingham's Special Collections contain an archive of letters written by Elgar.

Elgar's Symphony No. 1 (1908) was given one hundred performances in its first year, the violin concerto (1910) was commissioned by the world-renowned violinist Fritz Kreisler, and in 1911, the year of the completion of his Symphony No. 2, he had the Order of Merit bestowed upon him.

Elgar's musical legacy is primarily orchestral and choral, but he did write for soloists and smaller instrumental groups. His one work for brass band, The Severn Suite (later arranged by the composer for orchestra), remains an important part of the brass band repertoire. It is occasionally performed in its arrangement by Sir Ivor Atkins for organ as the composer's second Organ Sonata; Elgar's first, much earlier (1895) Organ Sonata was written specifically for the instrument in a highly orchestral style, and remains a frequently-performed part of the English Romantic organ repertoire.

[edit] Later years

During World War I his music began to fall out of fashion. After the death of his wife in 1920 he wrote little of importance. Shortly before her death he composed the elegiac Cello Concerto.

Elgar lived in the village of Kempsey from 1923 to 1927, during which time he was made Master of the King's Musick.

At the end of his life Elgar began work on an opera, The Spanish Lady, and accepted a commission from the BBC to compose a Third Symphony. His final illness prevented their completion.

He died on 23 February, 1934 and is buried at St. Wulstan's Church in Little Malvern. Within four months, two more great English composers - Gustav Holst and Frederick Delius - were also dead.

The statue of Edward Elgar at the end of Worcester High Street

[edit] Posthumous recognition

A £20 Bank of England note.

The house in Lower Broadheath where Elgar was born is now a museum devoted to his life and work.

The statue of him at the end of Worcester High Street stands facing the cathedral, only yards from where his father's shop once stood.

Another statue of the composer is at the top of Church Street in Malvern, overlooking the town and giving visitors an opportunity to stand next to the composer in the shadow of the Hills which he so often regarded.

In September 2005, a statue sculpted by Jemma Pearson was unveiled near Hereford Cathedral in honour of the few years Elgar lived in the city.

A portrait of Sir Edward Elgar can be found on the Bank of England twenty pound note.

Elgar's sketches for his third symphony were elaborated in the 1990s by the composer Anthony Payne, who has also subsequently produced a performing version of the sketches for a sixth Pomp and Circumstance march, premiered at the Proms in August 2006.<ref>BBC Elgar's piece premiered at Proms 2 August 2006</ref>

Elgar's sketches for a piano concerto dating from 1913 were elaborated by the composer Robert Walker and first performed in August 1997 by the pianist David Owen Norris. The realisation has since been extensively revised.

The hit track Clubbed To Death by Rob Dougan, featured on soundtrack to the 1999 movie The Matrix, is partially based on Enigma Variations.

[edit] Quotes

"[Elgar's music is] wonderful in its heroic melancholy."

William Butler Yeats on the incidental music for "Grania and Diarmid".

'The trees are singing my music,' Elgar wrote. "Or have I sung theirs?" - E.E

[edit] Honours and awards

[edit] Works

See also Category:Compositions by Edward Elgar

[edit] Orchestral works

[edit] Works for chorus and orchestra (cantatas, oratorios etc.)

  • The Black Knight, Symphony/Cantata for chorus and orchestra, Op.25 (1889-92)
  • From the Bavarian Highlands for chorus and orchestra, Op.27 (1895-96)
  • The Light of Life (Lux Christi), Oratorio for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op.29 (1896)
  • The Banner of St George, Ballad for chorus and orchestra, Op.33 (1897)
  • Te Deum & Benedictus for chorus and orchestra, Op.34 (1897)
  • Caractacus, Cantata for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op.35 (1897-98)
  • The Dream of Gerontius, Oratorio for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op.38 (1899-1900)
  • Coronation Ode for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op.44 (1901-02, rev. 1911)
  • The Apostles, Oratorio for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op.49 (1902-03)
  • The Kingdom, Oratorio for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op.51 (1901-06)
  • The Crown of India, Imperial Masque for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op.66 (1911-12)
  • The Music Makers, Ode for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op.69 (1912)
  • The Spirit of England for soprano/tenor, chorus and orchestra, Op.80 (1915-17)
  • The Smoking Cantata for baritone soloist and orchestra. Written in 1919, this piece was probably never intended to be performed and was given the absurd opus number of 1001. Its duration is less than a minute.<ref>Unknown Elgar is just a puff of smoke. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2006-09-15.</ref>

[edit] Chamber music

  • Salut d'Amour (Liebesgruss) for violin and piano, Op.12 (1888)
  • Sonata for violin and piano, Op.82 (1918)
  • String Quartet in E minor, Op.83 (1918)
  • Piano Quintet in A minor, Op.84 (1918-19)
  • Soliloquy for solo oboe (1930)

[edit] Works for solo piano

  • In Smyrna (1905)

[edit] Works for organ

[edit] See also

[edit] References

<references/>

[edit] Bibliography

  • James Hamilton-Patterson – Gerontius (Soho Press, 1989) is a historical novel that gives an imagined account of an actual cruise to South America that Elgar took in 1923.
  • Michael Kennedy – Portrait of Elgar 3rd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987)
  • Diana McVeagh – Elgar the Music Maker (Boydell Press, May 2007)
  • Jerrold Northrop Moore – Edward Elgar: a creative life (Oxford: OUP, 1984)
  • Jerrold Northrop Moore – Elgar – A Life in Photographs (Oxford: OUP, 1972)
  • Jerrold Northrop Moore – Elgar – Child of Dreams (Faber and Faber, 2004)
  • William H. Reed – Elgar as I knew him (Oxford: OUP, 1989)
  • Yvonne M Ward – 'Gosh! Man I've got a tune in my head: Edward Elgar, A.C. Benson and the creation of "Land of Hope and Glory"' (The Court Historian. Volume 7, No.1, 2002)
  • Percy Young – Alice Elgar: enigma of a Victorian lady (London: Dobson, 1978)
  • Percy Young – Elgar OM: a study of a musician 2nd ed. (London: Purnell, 1973)

[edit] Recordings

[edit] External links

Preceded by:
Hans Richter 		Principal Conductors, London Symphony Orchestra
1911–1912 		Succeeded by:
Arthur Nikisch
Preceded by:
Walter Parratt 		Master of the King's Musick
1924–1934 		Succeeded by:
Henry Walford Davies
Preceded by:
New Creation 		Baronet
(of Broadheath)
1931–1934 		Succeeded by:
Extinct
ca:Edward Elgar

cy:Edward Elgar da:Edward Elgar de:Edward Elgar et:Edward Elgar es:Edward Elgar eo:Edward Elgar fr:Edward Elgar ko:에드워드 엘가 it:Edward Elgar he:אדוארד אלגר hu:Edward Elgar nl:Edward Elgar ja:エドワード・エルガー no:Edward Elgar pl:Edward Elgar pt:Edward Elgar simple:Edward Elgar sl:Edward Elgar fi:Edward Elgar sv:Edward Elgar zh:爱德华·埃尔加

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