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Environmentalism

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For the geography topic, see Environmental determinism.

Image:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg

Environmentalism is a concern for the preservation, restoration, or improvement of the natural environment, such as the conservation of natural resources, prevention of pollution, and certain land use actions.

The term environmentalism is associated with other terms that are currently in vogue such as greening, environmental management, environmental responsibility, resource efficiency and waste minimisation, and environmental responsibility, ethics and justice (Bhattacharya, 2004).

1 History
- 1.1 Early environmental activism
- 1.2 Modern environmentalism
2 Forms of Environmentalism
3 Environmental organizations and conferences
4 Corporation-NGO-Government and Public Alliance
5 Environmentalism in the arts
6 See also
7 Footnotes
8 References
9 External links

[edit] History

[edit] Early environmental activism

Environmental activism dates back nearly 400 years. The first such recorded instance is that of the Bishnois of Rajasthan, India when a number of Bishnois embraced death to defy the cutting trees in their villages, by the king's men of that region. Though it was not a conscious movement at that time, it showed a community concern for the upkeep of environment -- a necessary attribute of environmentalism -- for the first time.

[edit] Modern environmentalism

Modern environmentalism has its roots in the Mid to Late 19th Century United States with individuals such as John Muir and Henry David Thoreau. Thoreau was interested in mans relationship with nature and studied this by living close to nature in a simple life. He published his experiences in the book Walden, which argues that man should become intimately close with nature. Muir also came to believe in nature's inherent right after spending time hiking in Yosemite Valley as well as studying both the ecology and geology. He successfully lobbied congress to form Yosemite National Park and went on to set up the Sierra Club. The conservationist principles as well as the belief in an inherent right of nature were to become the bedrock of modern environmentalism.

In the 20th Century Environmental ideas continued to grow in popularity and recognition. Efforts are starting to be made to save some wildlife particully the American Bison. The death of the last Passenger Pigeon as well as the endangerment of the American Bison helped to focus the minds of conservationists. Notably in 1916 the National Park Service was founded by President Woodrow Wilson.

In 1949 A Sand County Almanac by Aldo Leopold was published. It explained Leopold’s belief that mankind should have moral respect for the environment and that it is unethical to harm it. The book is sometimes called the most influential book on conservation written.

It was not until the 1960s that concern for the environment by a few individuals turned into a movement and the formation of environmentalism as an ideology started to happen. In 1962 Rachel Carson published Silent Spring. In this Carson detailed how insecticides and pesticides could enter the food chain effecting the whole environment as well as causing a risk to man. The book particully looked at DDT and lead to its eventual ban. The books legacy was to produce a far greater awareness of environmental issues and interest into how man affects the environment. With this new interest in environment came interest in problems such as air pollution and oil spills and environmental interest grew. New pressure groups formed notably Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth.

By the mid 70s many felt that man was on the edge of environmental catastrophe. The back to the land movement started to form and ideas of environmental ethics joined with anti-Vietnam War sentiments and other political issues. These individuals lived outside normal society and started to take on some of the more radical environmental theories such as deep ecology. Around this time more mainstream environmentalism was starting to show force with the signing of the Endangered Species Act in 1973 and the formation of CITES in 1975.

In 1979 former NASA scientist James Lovelock published Gaia which put the Gaia Theory that the earth is one organism. This became an important part of the Deep Green ideology. Throughout the rest of the history of environmentalism there has been debate and argument between more radical followers of this Deep Green ideology and mainstream factions.

Environmentalism has also changed to deal with new issues such as global warming and genetic engineering.

[edit] Forms of Environmentalism

The Environmental Movement (a term that sometimes includes the conservation and green movements) is a diverse scientific, social, and political movement. In general terms, environmentalists advocate the sustainable management of resources, the protection (and restoration, when necessary) of the natural environment through changes in public policy and individual behavior. In its recognition of humanity as a participant in (not enemy of) ecosystems, the movement is centered around ecology, health, and human rights. Additionally, throughout history, environmentalism has been incorporated into religion. The movement is represented by a range of organizations, from the large to grassroots. Due to its large membership, varying and strong beliefs, and occasionally speculative nature, the Environmental Movement is not entirely united. At its broadest, the movement includes private citizens, professionals, religious devotees, and extremists. Environmentalists are also often linked with other social movements, such as human and animal rights and pacifism.

Environmentalists are sometimes split up into two groups, Light and Dark Greens. Light Greens are the more popular and more visible part of the environmental movement, it includes the more famous and public environmental groups such as Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth and the Sierra Club. Light Greens do not follow environmentalism as a distinct political ideology, but rather seek greater environmental emphasis within existing ideologies such as Conservatism, Socialism or Liberalism.

Dark Greens are much more radical then light greens they tend to believe that all the current political ideologies (that are referred to as industrialism) are corrupt and naturally lead to environmental degradation as they do not view mankind as part of the environment but as a higher form of life that has a right to take from it. They claim that this is caused by the emphasis on growth that exists within all existing ideologies which is referred to a ‘growth mania’. The dark green brand of environmentalism is associated with ideas of Deep Ecology, Post-materialism, Holism, the Gaia Theory of James Lovelock and the work of Fritjof Capra. The devision between light and dark greens was visible in the fighting between Fundi and Realo factions of the German Green Party

[edit] Environmental organizations and conferences

Main article: List of environmental organizations

Environmental organizations can be global, regional, national or local; they can be government-run or private (NGO). Several environmental organizations, among them the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Environmental Defense Fund, specialize in bringing lawsuits. Other environmentalist groups, such as the National Wildlife Federation, World Wildlife Fund, Friends of the Earth, the Nature Conservancy, and the Wilderness Society, disseminate information, participate in public hearings, lobby, stage demonstrations, and purchase land for preservation. Smaller groups, including Wildlife Conservation International and the Worldwide Fund for Nature, conduct research on endangered species and ecosystems. More radical organizations, such Greenpeace, Earth First!, and the Earth Liberation Front, have more directly opposed actions they regard as environmentally harmful. While Greenpeace is devoted to nonviolent confrontation, the underground Earth Liberation Front engages in the clandestine destruction of property, the release of caged or penned animals, and other acts of sabotage.

On an international level, concern for the environment was the subject of a UN conference in Stockholm in 1972, attended by 114 nations. Out of this meeting developed the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992). Other international groups include the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (NAFTA), the European Environment Agency (EEA), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme).

[edit] Corporation-NGO-Government and Public Alliance

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Though not without disputes and confrontation, the new areas of co-operation with public and private parties are adding a new dimension to environmentalism. One such relative success is the banning and implementation of the Montreal Protocol for ozone hole substances like Freon which, albeit for a small time, showed the decrease in the size of the Antarctic ozone hole. The Greenpeace-Foron alliance is one such good example. In a small scale in New Zealand Environmental Canterbury the canterbury district council provides funding education and support for projects. Introduction of recycling and education to the general public. A give and take that leads to ultimately a better environment, lower pollution etc.

Environmentalism places special priority on these areas:

[edit] Environmentalism in the arts

[edit] Non-fiction

Crimes Against Nature - Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.
A Sand County Almanac - Aldo Leopold
Desert Solitaire - Edward Abbey (1968)
Silent Spring - Rachel Carson (1962)
Walden - Henry David Thoreau
The Everglades: River of Grass - Marjory Stoneman Douglas
The Skeptical Environmentalist - Bjørn Lomborg
Encounters with the Archdruid - John McPhee
Man and Nature - George Perkins Marsh (1864)
The Consumer's Guide to Effective Environmental Choices: Practical Advice from the Union of Concerned Scientists - Michael Brower and Warren Leon (1999)
Return of the Primitive (The philosophy of Privation) - Ayn Rand and Peter Schwartz
Global Corporate Environmentalism- Jayanta Bhattacharya- 2004
An Inconvenient Truth - Al Gore - 2006

[edit] Fiction

Edward Abbey's The Monkey Wrench Gang.
Michael Crichton's State of Fear
Many anime movies by Hayao Miyazaki carry a hidden environmentalist message. The best-known is Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, but also well known is Pom Poko as well as Princess Mononoke, which is based on a conflict between technology and nature
Dr. Seuss's The Lorax.

[edit] Popular music

Environmentalism has occasionally been the topic of song lyrics since the 1960s. See Environmental protest songs for a list of such songs. Recently, a record label has emerged out of a partnership with Warner Music, which places environmental issues at its foundation. Green Label Records produces CDs using biodegradable paper, donates the proceeds of CD sales to environmental organizations, and plans tours using alternative fuels and carbon-neutral philosophies. It is working to build a network of environmentally conscious musicians and music fans across North America.