European Union law
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The European Union is unique among international organisations in having a complex and highly developed system of internal law which has direct effect within the legal systems of its member states. The EU is not a federal government, nor is it an intergovernmental organisation. It constitutes a new legal order in international law[1] <ref>C-26/62 Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlanse Administratie Der Belastingen</ref> for the mutual social and economic benefit of the member states.
There are three types of Union law:
- primary legislation: the treaties
- secondary legislation: regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations and opinions made by the Union's institutions in accordance with the treaties
- decisions of the European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance
The whole body of EU law is together called the acquis communautaire, broken into 31 chapters for purposes of accession negotiations.
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[edit] History and development
Initially, the Consultation procedure was the primary interplay of the institutions. Under it, Council must wait (unless it initiates an emergency procedure) for the EP’s opinion before adopting the legislation. This possibility for delay was in the early days the EP’s only weapon.
The role of the European Parliament in this institutional triangle has been gradually strengthened. Major landmarks in this gradual strengthening process have been
- the transferral of budget responsibilities during the early 70s,
- the first direct elections in 1979,
- the introduction of the Cooperation procedure with the Single European Act (1986/87) and
- the codecision procedure with the Maastricht Treaty (1993/93), whose scope was expanded considerably by the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997/99) and the Treaty of Nice (2001).
The development of law of the European Community has been largely moulded by the European Court of Justice (ECJ). In the landmark case of Van Gend en Loos in 1963, the ECJ ruled that the European Community, through the express will of member states in the treaty, "constitutes a new legal order of international law for the benefit of which the states have limited their sovereign rights albeit within limited fields."
The distinction between European Community (EC) law and European Union law is that based on the treaty structure of the European Union. The European Community constitutes one of the 'three pillars' of the European Union and concerns the social and economic foundations of the single market. The second and the third pillars were created by the Treaty of the European Union (the Maastricht Treaty) and involve Common Security and Defence Policy and Internal Security. Decision making under the second and third pillars is not subject to majority voting at present. The Maastricht Treaty created the Justice and Home Affairs pillar as the third pillar. Subsequently, the Treaty of Amsterdam transferred the areas of illegal immigration, visas, asylum, and judicial co-operation to the European Community (the first pillar). Now Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters is the third pillar. Justice and Home Affairs now refers both to the fields that have been transferred to the EC and the third pillar.
Several principles such as subsidiarity, proportionality, the principle of conferral, and the precautionary principle have become prominent in the development of European Union law. Scholars such as Catherine Barnard argue that the Four Freedoms form the substantive law of the EU: free movement of goods, services, capital, and labour within the internal market of the EU.
[edit] Primary legislation: the treaties
- Main article: Treaties of the European Union
The primary legislation, or treaties, are effectively the constitutional law of the European Union. They lay down the basic policies of the Union, establish its institutional structure, legislative procedures, and the powers of the Union. The treaties that make up the primary legislation include:
- the ECSC Treaty of 1951 (Treaty of Paris)
- the EEC Treaty of 1957 (Treaty of Rome)
- the EURATOM Treaty of 1957 (Treaty of Rome)
- the Merger Treaty of 1965
- the Acts of Accession of the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark (1972)
- the Budgetary Treaty of 1970
- the Budgetary Treaty of 1975
- the Act of Accession of Greece (1979)
- the Acts of Accession of Spain and Portugal (1985)
- the Single European Act of 1986
- the Treaty of Maastricht of 1992 (Treaty of European Union)
- the Acts of Accession of Austria, Sweden and Finland (1994)
- the Treaty of Amsterdam of 1997
- the Treaty of Nice of 2001
- the Treaty of Accession 2003 of 2003
- the Treaty of Accession 2005 of 2005
The various annexes and protocols attached to these treaties are also considered a source of primary legislation.
The heads of state and government of the member states of European Union signed a constitution in 2004, but it subsequently failed to be ratified by the member states.
- Treaties and evolution of the structures of the European Union
| European Union - treaties, structure, history | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1952 | 1958 | 1967 | 1993 | 1999 | 2003 | ? |
| EC - European Community... | E U R O P E A N U N I O N ( E U ) | |||||
| European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) | ||||||
| European Economic Community (EEC) | European Community (EC) | |||||
| ...European Communities: ECSC, EEC (EC, 1993), Euratom | Justice & Home Affairs | |||||
| Police & Judicial Co-operation in Criminal matters (PJCC) | ||||||
| Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) | ||||||
| Euratom (European Atomic Energy Community) | ||||||
| Treaty of Paris | Treaties of Rome | Merger Treaty | Treaty of Maastricht | Treaty of Amsterdam | Treaty of Nice | European Constitution |
| "THREE PILLARS" - European Communities (EC, Euratom), Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal matters (PJCC) | ||||||
[edit] Secondary legislation
Secondary legislation include regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations and opinions.
Secondary legislation also includes interinstitutional agreements, which are agreements made between European Union institutions clarifying their respective powers, especially in budgetary matters. The Parliament, Commission and Council are capable of entering into such agreements.
The classification of legislative acts varies among the First, Second and Third Pillars.
In the case of the first pillar: Secondary legislation is classified based on to whom it is directed, and how it is to be implemented. Regulations and directives bind everyone, while decisions only affect the parties to whom they are addressed (which can be individuals, corporations, or member states). Regulations have direct effect, i.e. they are binding in and of themselves as part of national law, while directives require implementation by national legislation to be effective. However, states that fail or refuse to implement directives as part of national law can be fined by the European Court of Justice.
Directives and regulations can comprise of a mixture of maximum harmonisation and minimum harmonisation clauses, and can be enforced on either a home state or a host state basis.
All EU legislation must be based on a specific treaty article, which is referred to as the "legal basis" of the legislation.
The European Convention's Working Group on Simplification, identified in total 15 legal instruments of the European Union. These, divided in the three pillars of the European Union are the following:
Community Pillar Common Foreign and Security Policy Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters Regulations
Directives
Decisions
Conventions
Principles and general guidelines
Common strategies
Joint actions
Common positions
Decisions
Common positions
Framework decisions
Decisions
Conventions
Common: Recommendations, Opinions
If the planned European Constitution is ratified, these acts will be reduced to only six: EU laws, EU framework laws, decisions, regulations, recommendations and opinions.
[edit] Legislative procedures
- Main article: European Union legislative procedure
There are three main legislative procedures[2] in the European Union, with the main difference between them being how the European Parliament interacts with the Council of the European Union.
[edit] Precedence
It has been ruled several times by the European Court of Justice that EU law is superior to state laws, and even state constitutions. In some cases this is "hard-coded" into the constitutions themselves. For example, the Constitution of Ireland contains a clause, which specifies as follows:
No provision of this Constitution invalidates laws enacted, acts done or measures adopted by the State which are necessitated by the obligations of membership of the European Union or of the Communities, or prevents laws enacted, acts done or measures adopted by the European Union or by the Communities or by institutions thereof, or by bodies competent under the Treaties establishing the Communities, from having the force of law in the State
Which effectively exempts EU law, or EU law requirements from being compliant with the constitution (although they generally are, anyway).
[edit] References
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[edit] See also
- European Company Statute
- Community Patent
- Corpus Juris or Acquis
- EU competition law
- Direct effect
- Indirect effect
- Incidental effect
- Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
- Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of personal data
- Gold-plating
- Maximum harmonisation
- Minimum harmonisation
- Home state regulation
- Host state regulation
- Four Freedoms (European Union)
- EUR-Lex
- EudraLex
[edit] External links
- Research and Education in European Law
- Education in European Law
- EUR-Lex - online access to existing and proposed European Union legislation
- EUR-Lex: Treaties
- EU Law Blog
- ECJBlog.com, weblog with daily news about the European Court of Justice
- EU Law and Russia: analysis
- DirittoUE.info - EU Law Blog in italian
- History and institutions of the united Europe since 1945 — European Navigator
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