Felix Frankfurter
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| Born | November 15, 1882 Vienna, Austria<tr><th>Died</th><td>February 22, 1965 </td></tr> |
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Felix Frankfurter (November 15, 1882 – February 22, 1965) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
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[edit] Early life
Frankfurter was born in Vienna, Austria. He emigrated with his family to the United States in 1894, and grew up in the Jewish ghetto of New York's Lower East Side. After graduating from City College of New York, he enrolled in New York Law School, but in 1902 transferred to Harvard Law School, where he became an editor of the Harvard Law Review and eventually graduated with one of the best academic records since Louis Brandeis.
[edit] Legal career
In 1906, Frankfurter became the assistant of Henry Stimson, a New York attorney. In 1911, President Taft appointed Stimson as his Secretary of War and Stimson appointed Frankfurter as law officer of the Bureau of Insular Affairs. During the War in Europe he acted as major and judge-advocate, and as secretary and counsel of the President's mediation commission.[1]
In 1919, Frankfurter served as a Zionist delegate to the Paris Peace Conference. He lobbied President Woodrow Wilson to incorporate the Balfour Declaration into the treaty. In 1920, Frankfurter helped to found the American Civil Liberties Union. In the late 1920s, he joined efforts to save the lives of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two anarchists who had been sentenced to death on robbery/murder charges.
[edit] Criminal justice in Cleveland
In 1922, Roscoe Pound and Felix Frankfurter undertook a detailed quantitative study of crime reporting in Cleveland, Ohio newspapers for January 1919, counting column inches. They found that whereas, in the first half of the month, the total amount of space given over to crime was 925 inches, in the second half it leapt to 6,642 inches. This was in spite the fact that the number of crimes reported had increased only from 345 to 363.
They concluded that although the city's much publicized "crime wave" was largely fictitious and manufactured by the press, the coverage had a very real consequence for the administration of criminal justice. Because the public believed they were in the middle of a crime epidemic, they demanded an immediate response from the police and the city authorities. These agencies complied, wishing to retain public support, caring "more to satisfy popular demand than to be observant of the tried process of law". The result was a greatly increased likelihood of miscarriages of justice and sentences more severe than the offenses warranted.<ref name = "Jensen ">Jensen, Klaus Bruhn (May 10, 2002). A Handbook of Media and Communication Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies. UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-22588-4. p. 45–46 </ref><ref name = "Pound"> Pound, Roscoe, Felix Frankfurter (1922). Criminal Justice in Cleveland. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Foundation. p. 546</ref> His long research into the power behind government in the United States led him to state "The real rulers in Washington are invisible, and exercise power from behind the scenes."
[edit] Bibliography
Frankfurter published several books including Cases Under the Interstate Commerce Act; The Business of the Supreme Court (1927); Justice Holmes and the Supreme Court (1938); The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti (1954) and Felix Frankfurter Reminisces (1960). Frankfurter was known as the nation's preeminent scholar on labor law. From 1914 to his appointment to the Supreme Court, Frankfurter was a popular professor at Harvard Law School. Frankfurter served as an informal advisor to President Roosevelt on many New Deal measures.
[edit] Supreme Court
On January 5, 1939, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt nominated Frankfurter to the U.S. Supreme Court. He served from January 30, 1939 to August 28, 1962.
Despite his liberal political leanings, Frankfurter became the court's most outspoken advocate of judicial restraint, the view that courts should not interpret the fundamental law, the constitution, in such a way as to impose sharp limits upon the authority of the legislative and executive branches. In this philosophy, Frankfurter was heavily influenced by his close friend and mentor Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., who had taken a firm stand during his tenure on the bench against the doctrine of "economic due process". Frankfurter revered Justice Holmes, often citing Holmes in his opinions. In practice this meant Frankfurter was generally willing to uphold the actions of those branches against constitutional challenges so long as they did not "shock the conscience". Frankfurter was particularly well known as a scholar of civil procedure. Later in his career, this philosophy frequently put him on the dissenting side of ground-breaking decisions of the Warren court. However, Frankfurter was a strong foe of racial segregation and joined the Court's unanimous opinion in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which prohibited segregation in public schools. Frankfurter encouraged the Morgenthau Plan against Germany in WW II.
[edit] Retirement
Frankfurter retired in 1962 after suffering a stroke and was succeeded by Arthur Goldberg. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963.
Felix Frankfurter died from congestive heart failure at the age of 83. His remains are interred in the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
There are two extensive collections of Frankfurter's papers: one at the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress and the other at Harvard University. Both are fully open for research and have been distributed to other libraries on microfilm.
[edit] Trivia
Frankfurter is one of two Supreme Court justices to share a name with a food item (the other is Warren E. Burger). This fact was featured on a "Jaywalking" segment of The Tonight Show and also in an episode of The Simpsons.
[edit] Notes
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[edit] External links
- The Felix Frankfurter Papers. Lexis Nexis. Retrieved on [[May 11, 2006]].
- Felix Frankfurter's Gravesite
| Preceded by: Benjamin N. Cardozo | Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States January 30, 1939–August 28, 1962 | Succeeded by: Arthur Goldberg |
</center>de:Felix Frankfurter ja:フェリックス・フランクファーター zh:费利克斯·弗兰克福特
Categories: American legal academics | American legal writers | Austrian-Americans | Deaths from cardiovascular disease | Foreign-born American politicians | Harvard Law School alumni | Harvard Law School professors | Jewish-American jurists | New York lawyers | Phi Beta Kappa members | Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients | United States presidential advisors | United States Supreme Court justices | World War I people | 1882 births | 1965 deaths | Alumni of The Cooper Union | City University of New York people
