Felt
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- For other uses, see Felt (disambiguation).
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[edit] History
Felt is a non-woven cloth that is produced by matting, condensing and pressing fibres. The fibres form the structure of the fabric, so it is very soft.
Felt is the oldest form of fabric known to humankind. It predates weaving and knitting, although there is archaeological evidence from the British museum that the first known thread was made by winding vegetable fibres on the thigh. In Turkey, the remains of felt have been found, dating back at least to 6,500 BC. Highly sophisticated felted artifacts were found preserved in permafrost in a tomb in Siberia and dated to 600 AD. Felt can be of any colour, and made into any shape or size.
Many cultures have legends as to the origins of feltmaking. The story of Saint Clement and Saint Christopher relates that while fleeing from persecution, the men packed their sandals with wool to prevent blisters. At the end of their journey, the movement and sweat had turned the wool into felt socks.
It is said that Noah's Ark was lined with fleece and the combination of urine and the trampling animals left behind a felted wool carpet.[citation needed] Felt is now widely used as a medium for expression in textile art as well as design, where it has significance as an ecological textile. Sumerian legend claims that the secret of feltmaking was discovered by Urnamman of Lagash.
Feltmaking is still practiced in traditional styles by nomadic peoples in Asia, where rugs, tents and clothing are regularly made.
[edit] Manufacture
Felt is made by a process called wet felting, where the natural wool fibre is stimulated by friction and lubricated by moisture (usually water), and the fibres move at a 90 degree angle towards the friction source and then away again, in effect making little "tacking" stitches. Only 5% of the fibres are active at any one moment, but the process is continual, and so different 'sets' of fibres become activated and then deactivated in the continual process.
This "wet" process utilises the inherent nature of wool and other animal hairs, because the hairs have scales on them which are directional. The hairs also have kinks in them, and this combination of scales (like the structure of a pine cone) are what react to the stimulation of friction and cause the phenomenon of felting. It tends to work well only with woolen fibres as their scales, when aggravated, bond together to form a cloth.
Felting is done by a chemical process in industry. It is also sometimes done with barbed needles, which grab individual fibers and drag them against their neighbors, thereby binding them. Felting may also be done at home, with your washing machine on a hot cycle.
From the mid-18th to the mid-19th centuries, a process called "carroting" was used in the manufacture of felt. Animal skins were rinsed in an orange solution of the mercury compound mercuric nitrate. This process separated the fur from the pelt and matted it together. This toxic solution and the vapors it produced resulted in widespread cases of mercury poisoning among hatters, which may have been the origin behind the phrase "mad as a hatter". The United States Public Health Service banned the use of mercury in the felt industry in December 1941.
Felting differs from fulling in the sense that fulling is fabric that is constructed before continuing with the felting process as noted above.
Knitted woollen garments which shrink in a hot machine wash can be said to have felted — an example of how the fibres bond together when combined with the movement of the washing machine, the heat of the water, and the addition of soap. Therefore, woolen clothes should only be hand-washed or machine-washed in cold water.
Cheaper felt is usually artificial. Artificial felt, if made using the wet method, has a minimum of 30% of wool fibres combined with other artificial fibres. This is the minimum required to hold a fabric together with the fibres alone. It would be difficult to achieve a stable fabric by hand at this ratio. All other wholly artificial felts are actually needle-felts.
Loden is a type of felt originally worn in the Alpine regions, which has recently gained worldwide acceptance as a textile for fine and durable clothing.
While standard felt is rarely used in the manufacture of modern garments, its breathability has been seen as a selling point among a niche market group. Among the supporters of felt-use in the textile industry include American composer Aaron Copland and the satirical music group, the Capitol Steps.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Read more about the history of feltmaking on 1-art-1.com - the website of UK textile artist and feltmaker Mary-Clare Buckle
- International Feltmakers Association
- Find out about traditonal felt making in Kyrgyzstan.
- Learn about needle felting.da:Filt
de:Filz es:Fieltro eo:Felto fr:Feutre hu:nemez nl:Vilt (textiel) ja:フェルト pl:Filc fi:Huopa sv:Filt zh:氈
