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Firman

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A firman is a Royal mandate or decree issued by a sovereign in certain historical Islamic states, including the Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, and Iran under Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. The word firman comes from the Persian farmân (فرمان) meaning "decree" or "order". In Turkish it is called a ferman.

The term "firman" is also used by the archeologist/novelist "Elizabeth Peters" to mean official permission from the Egyptian Department of Antiquities to carry on an excavation.

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