France Équinoxiale
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Equinoctial France was the contemporary name given to the colonization efforts of France in the 17th century in South America, around the line of Equator, before "tropical" had fully gained its modern meaning: Equinoctial means in Latin "of equal nights", i.e., on the Equator, where the duration of days and nights is the nearly same year round.
The French colonial empire in the New World also included New France (Nouvelle France) in North America, particularly in what is today the province of Québec, Canada, and Antarctic France (France Antarctique, in French), in present-day Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. All of these settlements were in violation of the papal bull of 1493, which divided the New World between Spain and Portugal. This division was later defined more exactly by the Treaty of Tordesillas.
France Équinoxiale started in 1612, when a French expedition departed from Cancale, (Bretagne), France, under the command of Daniel de la Touche, Seigneur de la Ravardière. Carrying 500 colonists, it arrived in the Northern coast of what is today the state of Maranhão, in Brazil. De la Ravardière had discovered the region in 1604 but the death of the king postponed his plans to start its colonization.
The colonists soon founded a village, which was named "Saint Louis", in honor of the French king, Louis IX. This later became "São Luís in Portuguese, the only Brazilian state capital founded by France. It is a translation of the original name given by the French, which was strangely maintained by the Portuguese. On September 8th, Capuchin friars prayed the first mass, and the soldiers started building a fortress. An important difference in relation to France Antarctique is that this new colony was not motivated by escape from religious persecutions to Protestants (see French Wars of Religion).
The colony did not last long. An army was assembled in the state of Pernambuco, under the command of Alexandre de Moura and Portugal was able to mount a military expedition, which defeated and expelled the French colonists in 1615, less than four years after their arrival in the land. Thus, it repeated the disaster spelt for the colonists of France Antarctique, in 1567. A few years later, in 1620, Portuguese and Brazilian colonists arrived in number and São Luís started to grow slowly, with an economy based mostly in sugar cane and slavery.
French traders and colonists tried again to settle a France Équinoxiale further North, in what is today French Guiana, in 1626, 1635 (when the capital, Cayenne, was founded) and 1643. Twice a Compagnie de la France Équinoxiale was founded, in 1643 and 1645, but both foundered as a result of misfortune and mismanagement. It was only after 1674, when the colony became under the direct control of the French crown and a competent Governor took office, that the France Équinoxiale became a reality. To this day, the French Guiana is a department of continental France.
