George Edward Grey
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| Hon. Sir George Edward Grey | |
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| In office 18 November 1845 – 3 January 1854 December 1861 – 5 February 1868 | |
| Preceded by | Captain Robert FitzRoy (1845) Colonel Thomas Gore Browne (1861) |
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| Succeeded by | Colonel Thomas Gore Browne (1854) Sir George Ferguson Bowen (1868) |
| 11th Premier of New Zealand
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| In office 13 October 1877 – 8 October 1879 | |
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| Born | April 14 1812 Lisbon, Portugal |
| Died | September 19 1898 London, England |
- For other men with a similar name, see George Grey or George Gray
Sir George Edward Grey, KCB (April 14 1812 – September 19 1898) was a soldier, explorer, Governor of South Australia, twice Governor of New Zealand, Governor of Cape Colony (South Africa), Premier of New Zealand and a writer.
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[edit] Early life and exploration
Grey was born in Lisbon, Portugal just a few days after his father, Lieutenant-Colonel Grey of the 30th Foot, was killed at the Battle of Badajoz in Spain. His mother, on the balcony of her hotel in Lisbon, overheard two officers speak of his death and this brought on his premature birth.
As a young man he led, in 1837, a catastrophically ill-prepared expedition of exploration in North-West Australia based from Cape Town — only one man of his party had ever seen northern Australia before. Wrecked, almost drowned and completely lost, with Grey wounded in a skirmish with Aborigines, they traced the course of the Glenelg River before giving up and retiring to Mauritius to recover.
Two years later Grey returned to Western Australia and was again wrecked with his party at Kalbarri; they discovered the Gascoyne River but then had to walk to Perth, surviving the journey through the efforts of Maigo, a Whadjuk Noongar who organised food and what water could be found (they survived by drinking liquid mud). At about this time Grey became one of the few Europeans ever to learn to speak the Noongar language of South West Western Australia.
[edit] Governorship and premiership
He was the third Governor of South Australia from 1841 to 1845. He oversaw the colony during a difficult formative period. Despite being seen as less hands-on than his predecessor, George Gawler, his fiscally responsible measures ensured the colony was in good shape by the time he departed for New Zealand.
He was the most influential figure during the European settlement of New Zealand for the second half of the 19th century. Governor of New Zealand initially from 1845 to 1853, Grey was again appointed Governor in 1861 following the granting of a degree of self-governance to New Zealand, serving until 1868 before his nomination as Premier in 1877, in which capacity he served until 1879.
Grey greatly influenced the final form of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, with the exception of the provisions relating to the direct election of the Governor.
| [Grey] learned the Maorisic language and persuaded Maorisic authorities to commit the legends and traditions to writing, some of which were subsequently published…. His collected papers… would turn out to be the largest single repository of Maorisic-language manuscripts in the world | ||
| — Michael King, The Penguin History of New Zealand, Page 203 | ||
Kawau Island was bought by Grey in 1862, on his return to New Zealand for his second term as governor. For 25 years he lavished large amounts of his personal wealth on the island’s development, including enlarging and remodelling Mansion House, the former residence of the Kawau copper mine superintendent. Here he planted a huge array of exotic trees and shrubs, acclimatised many bird and animal species, and amassed a celebrated collection of rare books and manuscripts, artworks and curiosities, and artefacts from the Māori people over whom he had ruled.
Grey was appointed Governor of Cape Colony for the period 5 December 1854 - 15 August 1861. He founded Grey College, Bloemfontein in 1855 and Grey High School in Port Elizabeth in 1856.
During his second term as governor of New Zealand in the 1860s, Grey launched the Invasion of the Waikato to take control of the rich Māori agricultural region. The war brought many British troops to New Zealand, at one time more were situated there than anywhere else in the world. In 1875 he was elected Superintendant of Auckland Province, and was elected as a Member of Parliament in 1875 elections. Grey opposed the abolition of the provinces. From 1877 - 1879 he was Premier of New Zealand.
Grey was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1848.
Places named in honour of Grey include Greytown in the Wairarapa region of New Zealand, Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and the Division of Grey, an Australian Electoral Division in South Australia and George Grey Drive in Kalbarri, Western Australia.
[edit] Criticisms
[edit] Credo Mutwa on George Grey
Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa, Sangoma of the Zulu Africans and historian, claims that George Grey is the founder of apartheid and racial discrimination in Africa in the mid 1800s.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
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[edit] External links
- George Grey page from the website of the Prime minister of New Zealand
- George Grey's development of Kawau Island
- Works by George Grey at Project Gutenberg
- The Romance of a Pro-Consul: Being the Personal Life and Memoirs of The Right Hon. Sir George Grey, available freely at Project Gutenberg by James Milne
| Government Offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by: Colonel George Gawler | Governor of South Australia 1841 – 1845 | Succeeded by: Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Robe |
| Preceded by: Captain Robert FitzRoy | Governor of New Zealand First time 1845 – 1855 | Succeeded by: Colonel Thomas Gore Browne |
| Preceded by: George Cathcart Charles Henry Darling (acting) | Governor of Cape Colony 1854 – 1861 | Succeeded by: Robert Wynyard (acting) Sir Philip Wodehouse |
| Preceded by: Colonel Thomas Gore Browne | Governor of New Zealand Second time 1861 – 1868 | Succeeded by: Sir George Ferguson Bowen |
| Prime Minister of New Zealand | Image:Coat of arms of New Zealand.png | |||
| Preceded by: Harry Atkinson | (1877 - 1879) | Succeeded by: John Hall | ||
| Sewell | Fox | Stafford | Domett | Whitaker | Weld | Waterhouse | Vogel | Pollen | Atkinson | Grey | Hall | Stout | Ballance | Seddon | Hall-Jones | Ward | Mackenzie | Massey | Bell | Coates | Forbes | Savage | Fraser | Holland | Nash | Holyoake | Marshall | Kirk | Rowling | Muldoon | Lange | Palmer | Moore | Bolger | Shipley | Clark | ||||
