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Irish Elk

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iIrish Elk

Skeleton at the National Museum of Natural History

Conservation status

Prehistoric

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Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Cervidae
Genus:	Megaloceros
Species:	M. giganteus

Binomial name

Megaloceros giganteus
(Blumenbach, 1799)

Megaloceros redirects here. For the fictional monster from the Dungeons & Dragons universe, see dire animal.

The Irish Elk (Megaloceros giganteus or Megaceros, more properly a subgenus<ref>Geist, Valerius [1998-10-01]. “Megaloceros: The Ice Age Giant and Its Living Relatives”, Deer of the World. Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-0496-3.</ref>) is a huge extinct deer (the largest species of deer to have ever lived) that lived in Eurasia, from Ireland to China, during the Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene epochs. It is famous for its formidable size (about 2.1 meters or 7 feet at the shoulders), and in particular for having the largest antlers of any known cervid (a maximum of 3.65 meters or 12 feet from tip to tip). Its name is misleading: although large numbers of skeleton have been found in Irish bogs, the animal was not exclusively Irish, and neither was it closely related to either of the living species currently called elk; for this reason, the name "Giant Deer" is sometimes preferred.

The latest known remains of the Irish elk have been carbon dated to about 5700 BC.

1 Role of sexual selection in extinction
2 References
3 Further reading
4 External links

[edit] Role of sexual selection in extinction

The size of M. giganteus' antlers is remarkable, and several theories have arisen as to their evolution. One theory was that the deer's antlers, under constant sexual selection, increased in size because males were using them in combat for access to females; it was also suggested that they eventually became so unwieldy that the Elks could not carry on the normal business of life and so became extinct. However, Stephen Jay Gould's important essay on Megaloceros demonstrated that for deer in general, species with larger body size have antlers that are more than proportionately larger, a consequence of allometry, or differential growth rate of body size and antler size during development. In fact, Irish Elk had antlers of exactly the size one would predict from their body size and no special theory of natural selection is required.

The antlers do seem to have played a role in the animal's eventual extinction, however. Recent research has determined that due to the high amounts of calcium and phosphate compounds required to form these massive structures, the Irish Elk males had to deplete these compounds partly from their bones, replenishing them from foodplants after the antlers were grown. Thus, in the growth phase, males were suffering from a condition similar to osteoporosis. When the climate changed at the end of the last Ice Age, the vegetation in the animal's habitat also changed towards species that could not deliver sufficient amounts of the required minerals. Thus, the delicate balance between the animal and its environment was broken, the probable cause of this animal's extinction. Some have suggested hunting by man is a contributing factor in the demise of Megaloceros giganteus, but most paleontologists now believe that the last animal died off about 10,600 years ago, over a millennium before the first humans arrived in Ireland.

A significant collection of M. giganteus skeletons can be found at the Natural History Museum in Dublin.

[edit] References

Stuart, A. J., P. A. Kosintsev, T. F. G. Higham, and A. M. Lister (2004). "Pleistocene to holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth". Nature 431: 684-689. PMID 15470427.
Lister AM, Edwards CJ, Nock DA, Bunce M, van Pijlen IA, Bradley DG, Thomas MG, Barnes I (2005). "The phylogenetic position of the 'giant deer' Megaloceros giganteus". Nature Epub: ahead of print. PMID 16148942.
"Giant deer lived longer than thought: study", CBC News, October 7, 2004.

[edit] Further reading

Kurten, Bjorn (1995). Dance of the Tiger. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20277-5..

Kurten is a paleo-anthropologist, and in this novel he presents a theory of Neanderthal extinction. Irish elk feature prominently, under the name shelk which Kurten coins to avoid the problematic aspects of "Irish" and "elk" as discussed above.