Godhead (Latter Day Saints)
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Mormonism, depending on era and denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement, has accommodated a diverse range of views of the concept of the Christian Godhead including forms of modalism, binitarianism, tritheism, henotheism, and trinitarianism.
The dominant doctrine of the Godhead in Mormonism is that God the Father, his Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost are three distinct persons (or personages). Both the Father and the Son are regarded as having glorified physical bodies, and Holy Ghost a body of spirit. It is also common among Latter Day Saints to accept the possibility that there may be other divine persons in the eternities. However such other persons are not the object of worship. Some claim this is a form of henotheism, but Mormons generally reject this claim given the commandment to worship only the one true and living God (see D&C 20:19). The perceived differences between this doctrine and that of the trinitarianism, believed by the majority of other Christians, has set much of Mormonism apart from the rest of Christianity. See Mormonism and Christianity.
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[edit] The Godhead in Early Latter Day Saint History
Most early Latter Day Saints came from a Protestant background, believing in the Trinity. The early public teachings of Joseph Smith, Jr. contained little to contradict this view; however, Smith's public teachings regarding the nature of the Godhead developed during his lifetime, becoming most fully elaborated in the few years prior to his assassination in 1844. Beginning as an unelaborated description of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as being "One", Smith taught that the Father and the Son were distinct personal members of the Godhead as early as 1832 (See D&C 76:12-24). Smith's public teachings later described the Father and Son as possessing distinct physical bodies, being one together with the Holy Ghost not in material substance but instead in spirit, glory, and purpose (See D&C 130:22).
Some Latter-day Saint denominations, including The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (by far the largest denomination), teach the doctrines which were taught publicly by Smith later in his life, with various elaborations by Smith's successors. Other denominations, such as the Community of Christ (the second-largest denomination), teach other doctrines, such as a more conventional interpretation of the doctrine of Trinity, which they believe to be more consistent with Smith's earliest public teachings of the Godhead.
One common source of confusion that arises when studying Mormon doctrine is the use of the word 'god'. This word has many definitions, to which Mormonism further expands. For example, in one sense, an exalted person is a god, as they have inherited all that the Father hath. "... We are the children of God: And if children, then heirs; heirs of God, and joint-heirs with Christ..." (Romans, 8:16-17). An exalted person who has received all that the Father has (as a joint heir with Christ) may be considered to be invested with the mantle of divinity, or godhood, made perfect through the grace of his Son. Additional confusion may arise due to Mormonism's use of the title "Father", which occasionally is used to refer to Jesus Christ as well as God the Father, particularly in the Book of Mormon.
[edit] Teachings in the 1820s and early 1830s
The Book of Mormon describes God the Father, his Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost as being "one", with Jesus appearing with a body of spirit before his birth, and with a tangible body after his resurrection. Though their identities seem quite distinct the portion of the book that describes Jesus personal ministry, the book seems somewhat unclear as to whether the Son was distinct from the Father prior to his mortal birth. In addition, the precise nature (or substance) of what is shared by the Son and the Father is not addressed.
Prior to Jesus's birth, the book depicts Jesus as a spirit "without flesh and blood", although with a spirit "body" that looked the same as Jesus would appear during his physical life. (Ether 3). Moreover, Jesus described himself as follows: "Behold, I am he who was prepared from the foundation of the world to redeem my people. Behold, I am Jesus Christ. I am the Father and the Son. In me shall all mankind have life, and that eternally, even they who shall believe on my name; and they shall become my sons and my daughters." (Ether 3:14). In another passage of The Book of Mormon, the prophet Abinadi stated,
- "I would that ye should understand that God himself shall come down among the children of men, and shall redeem his people. And because he dwelleth in flesh he shall be called the Son of God, and having subjected the flesh to the will of the Father, being the Father and the Son—the Father, because he was conceived by the power of God; and the Son, because of the flesh; thus becoming the Father and Son—and they are one God, yea, the very Eternal Father of heaven and of earth." (Mosiah 15:1-4).
After Jesus's resurrection and ascension into heaven, The Book of Mormon states that he visited a small group of people in the Americas, who saw that he had a tangible body. During his visit, he was announced by the voice of God the Father, and those present felt the Holy Spirit, but only the Son was seen. This depiction of Jesus is similar to that described in the New Testament during Jesus' baptism by John. Jesus is quoted,
- "Father, thou hast given them the Holy Ghost because they believe in me; and thou seest that they believe in me because thou hearest them, and they pray unto me; and they pray unto me because I am with them. And now Father, I pray unto thee for them, and also for all those who shall believe on their words, that they may believe in me, that I may be in them as thou, Father, art in me, that we may be one." (3 Nephi 19:22-23).
The Book of Mormon states that Jesus, the Father and the Holy Spirit are "one" (See 3 Nephi 11:36), but like the Bible, does not elaborate on the nature of "oneness". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints interprets this "oneness" as a metaphorical oneness in spirit, purpose, and glory, rather than a physical or bodily unity. On the other hand, some Protestant-oriented Latter Day Saint sects, such as the Community of Christ, who view Smith's various later teachings on the Godhead as speculative, consider the Book of Mormon to be consistent with trinitarianism. Some scholars have also suggested that the view of Jesus in The Book of Mormon is also consistent, or perhaps most consistent, with monotheistic Modalism.
[edit] Teachings in the mid- to late-1830s
In 1835, Joseph Smith, Jr. (with the involvement of Sidney Rigdon), publicly taught the idea that Jesus Christ and God the Father were two separate beings. In the Lectures on Faith, which had been taught in 1834 to the School of the Prophets, the following doctrines were presented:
- That the Godhead consists of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit (5:1c);
- That there are two "personages", the Father and the Son, that constitute the "supreme power over all things" (5:2a, Q&A section);
- That the Father is a "personage of spirit, glory, and power" (5:2c);
- That the Son is a "personage of tabernacle" (5:2d) who "possess[es] the same mind with the Father; which Mind is the Holy Spirit" (5:2j,k);
- That the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit constitute the "supreme power over all things" (5:2l);
- That "[T]hese three constitute the Godhead and are one: the Father and the Son possessing the same mind, the same wisdom, glory, power, and fullness;" (5:2m);
- That the Son is "filled with the fullness of the Mind of the Father, or in other words, the Spirit of the Father." (5:2o).
Though once part of the official Mormon canon, and part of the 1835 Doctrine and Covenants, the Lectures on Faith were eventually decanonized by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Community of Christ. Most modern Latter Day Saints do not accept the idea of a two-"personage" Godhead, with the Father as a spirit and the Holy Spirit as the shared "mind" of the Father and the Son. Moreover, many Latter Day Saint apologists propose a reading of Lectures on Faith that is consistent with Smith's earlier or later doctrines, by putting various shadings on the meaning of personage as used in the Lectures.
In 1838, Smith published a narrative of his First Vision, in which he described seeing both God the Father and a separate Jesus Christ in a vision, both of them appearing identical.
[edit] Teachings in the 1840s
In public sermons later in Smith's life, he began to describe what he thought was the true nature of the Godhead in much greater detail. In 1843, Smith provided his final public description of the Godhead before his death, in which he described God the Father as having a physical body, and the Holy Spirit, also, is a distinct personage: "The Father has a body of flesh and bones as tangible as man's; the Son also; but the Holy Ghost has not a body of flesh and bones, but is a personage of Spirit. Were it not so, the Holy Ghost could not dwell in us." (D&C 130:22).
Smith also introduced a theology that could support the existence of a Heavenly Mother during this period. The primary source for this theology is the sermon Smith delivered at the Funeral for King Follett (commonly called the King Follett Discourse).
[edit] Conceptions of the Godhead after the Death of Joseph Smith
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints currently holds Joseph Smith's 1843 explanation of the Godhead as official doctrine, which is to say that the Father and the Son have physical, glorified bodies, while the Holy Ghost has only a body of spirit. This official doctrine is supported with the circumstances surrounding the baptism of Jesus, as recorded in the Bible: the Father spoke from heaven, the Son stood on Earth in the water, and the Holy Ghost appeared separately (Matthew 3:16-17). The First Vision of the Prophet Joseph Smith<ref>Joseph Smith's History:11-17</ref>, in which young Joseph saw the Father and the Son as two personages, also illustrates the Church's official doctrine on the Godhead.
The existence of a Heavenly Mother, the wife of the Heavenly Father (God the Father), is an official doctrine of the LDS Church. There are no other teachings about her except that she exists, or (as it is usually phrased) that we are born of heavenly parents.
Some Latter-day Saints, Mormons and Latter Day Saints as well as members of other faiths that comprise the Latter Day Saint movement, have posited additional theories on the nature of the Godhead, some of which appear in the following lists.
[edit] The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The current prophet and president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Gordon B. Hinckley, offered a declaration of belief in a July 2006 Ensign magazine article entitled, "In These Three I Believe," wherein he reaffirmed the teachings of the LDS Church regarding the distinct individuality and perfect unity of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. He affirmed that God the Father is "the Father of the spirits of all men," "the great Creator, the Ruler of the universe," whose "love encompasses all of His children, and it is His work and glory to bring to pass the immortality and eternal life of His sons and daughters of all generations." He affirmed that Jesus Christ, the Son of God and "the one perfect man to walk the earth," is the "Firstborn of the Father and the only Begotten of the Father in the flesh," and that He fulfilled Isaiah's prophecy that "his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace." (Isaiah 9:6) He affirmed, "He is the Savior and Redeemer of the world," through whose loving atoning sacrifice is extended to "every son and daughter of God, the opportunity for eternal life and exaltation in our Father's kingdom, as we hearken to and obey His commandments.... I worship Him as I worship His Father, in spirit and in truth.... We approach the Father through the Son. He is our intercessor at the throne of God." He affirmed that the Holy Ghost is a distinct spirit being who is the Comforter and the Testifier of Truth, and that the "perfect unity between the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost binds these three into the oneness of the divine Godhead."
[edit] The Community of Christ and Protestant-Oriented Denominations
- Trinitarianism
[edit] Alternative Latter Day Saint Conceptions of the Godhead
The following theories are not official doctrines of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints but rather ideas suggested by individuals:
- Brigham Young's Adam-God theory
- Theory of God as a polygamist
- Theory of a married Jesus Christ
