Gorilla

From Wikivisual

Gorillas are the largest of the primates. They are ground-dwelling and predominantly herbivorous. They inhabit the forests of central Africa. Gorillas are divided into two species and (still under debate as of 2008) either four or five subspecies. The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of a human, between 95 and 99% depending on what is counted,<ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/tj/v17/i1/DNA.asp</ref> and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after the two chimpanzee species.

Gorillas' natural habitats cover tropical or subtropical forests in Africa. Although their range covers a small percentage of Africa, gorillas cover a wide range of elevations. The Mountain Gorilla inhabits the Albertine Rift montane cloud forests of the Virunga Volcanoes, ranging in altitude from 2,200–4,300 metres (7,200–14,100 ft). Lowland Gorillas live in dense forests and lowland swamps and marshes as low as sea level, with Western Lowland Gorillas living in Central West African countries and Eastern Lowland Gorillas living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo near its border with Rwanda.<ref name="Prince-Hughes66">Prince-Hughes, Dawn (1987). Songs of the Gorilla Nation. Harmony. p. 66. ISBN 1400050588. </ref>

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Evolution and classification 3 Physical characteristics 4 Behavior 4.1 Group life 4.2 Food and foraging 4.3 Reproduction and lifespan 5 Intelligence 5.1 Tool use 6 Interactions with humans 6.1 Studies 6.2 Endangerment 6.3 Cultural references 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

[edit] Etymology

The American physician and missionary Thomas Staughton Savage and naturalist Jeffries Wyman first described the Western Gorilla (they called it Troglodytes gorilla) in 1847 from specimens obtained in Liberia.<ref name="Conniff">Conniff R. Discovering gorilla. Evolutionary Anthropology, 18: 55-61. doi:10.1002/evan.20203</ref> The name was derived from the Greek word "Γόριλλαι", (Gorillai), a "tribe of hairy women"<ref>Γόριλλαι, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library</ref> described by Hanno the Navigator, a Carthaginian navigator and possible visitor (circa 480 BC) to the area that later became Sierra Leone.<ref>Müller, C. (1855-61). Geographici Graeci Minores. pp. 1.1–14: text and trans. Ed, J. Blomqvist (1979). </ref>

[edit] Evolution and classification

The closest relatives of gorillas are chimpanzees and humans, all of the Hominidae having diverged from a common ancestor about 7 million years ago.<ref>Glazko GV, Nei M (March 2003). "Estimation of divergence times for major lineages of primate species". Mol. Biol. Evol. 20 (3): 424–34. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg050. PMID 12644563. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/20/3/424. </ref> Human genes differ only 1.6% on average from their corresponding gorilla genes in their sequence, but there is further difference in how many copies each gene has.<ref>Goidts V, Armengol L, Schempp W, et al. (March 2006). "Identification of large-scale human-specific copy number differences by inter-species array comparative genomic hybridization". Hum. Genet. 119 (1-2): 185–98. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-0130-9. PMID 16395594. </ref>

Until recently there was considered to be a single gorilla species, with three subspecies: the Western Lowland Gorilla, the Eastern Lowland Gorilla and the Mountain Gorilla.<ref name=Groves2002>Groves, Colin (2002). "A history of gorilla taxonomy". Gorilla Biology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective, Andrea B. Taylor & Michele L. Goldsmith (editors) (Cambridge University Press): 15–34. doi:10.2277/0521792819. http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/Gorilla%20Biology.pdf. </ref><ref>Stewart, Kelly J.; Pascale Sicotte, Martha M. Robbins (2001). "Mountain Gorillas of the Virungas". Fathom / Cambridge University Press. http://www.fathom.com/course/21701783/. Retrieved 2008-09-11. </ref> There is now agreement that there are two species with two subspecies each. More recently it has been claimed that a third subspecies exists in one of the species. The separate species and subspecies developed from a single type of gorilla during the Ice Age, when their forest habitats shrank and became isolated from each other.<ref name="Prince-Hughes66"/>

Primatologists continue to explore the relationships between various gorilla populations.<ref name=Groves2002/> The species and subspecies listed here are the ones upon which most scientists agree.^{[citation needed]}

• Genus Gorilla <ref name=MSW3/>
  • Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)
    • Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
    • Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli)
  • Eastern Gorilla (Gorilla beringei)
    • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei)
    • Eastern Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri)

The proposed third subspecies of Gorilla beringei, which has not yet received a trinomen, is the Bwindi population of the Mountain Gorilla, sometimes called the Bwindi Gorilla.

Some variations that distinguish the classifications of gorilla include varying density, size, hair color, length, culture, and facial widths.<ref name="Prince-Hughes66"/> There are now thought to be over 100,000 Western Lowland Gorillas in the wild, with 4,000 in zoos; Eastern Lowland Gorillas have a population of 4,000 in the wild and 24 in zoos.<ref name="Prince-Hughes66"/> Mountain Gorillas are the most severely endangered, with an estimated population of about 620 left in the wild and none in zoos.<ref name="Prince-Hughes66"/>

[edit] Physical characteristics

Gorillas move around by knuckle-walking, although they sometimes walk bipedally for short distances while carrying food or in defensive situations.<ref name="Prince-Hughes82">Prince-Hughes, Dawn (1987). Songs of the Gorilla Nation. Harmony. pp. 82–3. ISBN 1400050588. </ref> Adult males range in height 1.65–1.75 metres (5 ft 5 in–5 ft 9 in), and in weight 140–200 kg (310–440 lb). Adult females are often half the size of a silverback, averaging about 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) tall and 100 kg (220 lb). Occasionally, a silverback of over 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) and 230 kg (510 lb) has been recorded in the wild. Obese gorillas in captivity have reached a weight of 270 kg (600 lb).<ref>"Gorilla - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition". bartleby.com. Archived from the original on 2008-02-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20080212005936/http://www.bartleby.com/65/go/gorilla.html. Retrieved 2006-10-10. </ref> Gorillas have a facial structure which is described as mandibular prognathism, that is, their mandible protrudes farther out than the maxilla.

The Eastern Gorilla is more darkly colored than the Western Gorilla, with the Mountain Gorilla being the darkest of all. The Mountain Gorilla also has the thickest hair. The Western Lowland Gorilla can be brown or grayish with a reddish forehead. In addition, gorillas that live in lowland forests are more slender and agile than the more bulky Mountain Gorilla.<ref name="diet"/>

Almost all gorillas share the same blood type (B)<ref>Glass, Bonnie B. (2001). "Evolution of the Human". http://facstaff.uwa.edu/jmccall/evolution_of_the_human.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-22. </ref> and, like humans, have individual finger prints.<ref>"Santa Barbara Zoo - Western Lowland Gorilla". santabarbarazoo.org. http://www.santabarbarazoo.org/showAnimals.asp?id=149. Retrieved 2006-10-10. </ref>

[edit] Behavior

[edit] Group life

A silverback is an adult male gorilla, typically more than 12 years of age and named for the distinctive patch of silver hair on his back. A silverback gorilla has large canine teeth that come with maturity. Blackbacks are sexually mature males of up to 11 years of age. Silverbacks are the strong, dominant troop leaders. Each typically leads a troop (group size ranges from 5 to 30) and is in the center of the troop's attention, making all the decisions, mediating conflicts, determining the movements of the group, leading the others to feeding sites and taking responsibility for the safety and well-being of the troop. Blackbacks may serve as backup protection. Adult females tend to be unrelated.

Males will slowly begin to leave their paternal troop at 11 years old which is when they reach their young or sub-adult years. <ref name = "Estes 1991">Estes, R. (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. Los Angeles, University of California Press. pgs. 535-544</ref> Sometimes a male may stay in his father’s troop and inherit control when he ages.<ref name= "Fossy 1983">Fossey D. (1983) Gorillas in the Mist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</ref> Female gorillas will also leave their parental troop when they reach sexual maturity.<ref name= "Fossy 1983"/><ref name= "transfer">Harcourt, A. H., K. Stewart, D. Fossey. (1976) Male emigration and female transfer in wild mountain gorillas. Nature 263, No. 5574, 226-227.</ref> When they leave they immediately search for a silverback who is usually nearby.<ref name= "MacDonald"> See "Gorillas" entry for The Encyclopedia of Mammals (edited by David MacDonald, Oxford University Press) on pgs. 414-419.</ref> However females usually transfer more than once.<ref name= "MacDonald"/><ref name = "Estes 1991"/> Male that have the best fighting prowess and access to quality of habitat.<ref name= "MacDonald"/> Once a female reproduces, she will become a permanent member of a troop.

While infant gorillas normally stay with their mother for 3–4 years, silverbacks will care for weaned young orphans, though never to the extent of carrying the little gorillas. If challenged by a younger or even by an outsider male, a silverback will scream, beat his chest, break branches, bare his teeth, then charge forward. If the leader is killed by disease, accident, fighting or poachers, the group will split up, as the animals disperse to look for a new protective male. There is a strong risk that the new male will kill the infants of the dead silverback.<ref name= "MacDonald"/>

[edit] Food and foraging

Gorillas are herbivores,<ref>"Gorilla gorilla: Information". animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gorilla_gorilla.html. Retrieved 2008-03-26. </ref> eating fruits, leaves, and shoots. Further, they are classified as folivores. Much like other animals that feed on plants and shoots, they sometimes ingest small insects as well (however, there has been video proof that gorillas do eat ants and termites much in the same way as chimpanzees.)<ref>"Looking at Ape Diets: Myths, Realities, and Rationalizations". beyondveg.com. http://www.beyondveg.com/billings-t/comp-anat/comp-anat-2a.shtml. Retrieved 2007-01-03. </ref> Gorillas spend most of the day eating. Their large sagittal crest and long canines allow them to crush hard plants like bamboo. Lowland gorillas feed mainly on fruit while Mountain gorillas feed mostly on herbs, stems and roots.<ref name=diet>"Gorilla Information: A gorilla's habitat and diet". http://www.volcanoessafaris.com/great-apes.htm. </ref>

[edit] Reproduction and lifespan

Gestation is 8½ months. There are typically 3 to 4 years between births. Infants stay with their mothers for 3–4 years. Females mature at 10–12 years (earlier in captivity); males at 11–13 years. Lifespan is between 30–50 years, although there have been exceptions. For example the Dallas Zoo's Jenny lived to the age of 55.<ref>.tv3.co.nz, World's oldest gorilla celebrates 55th birthday^{[dead link]}</ref><ref>gmanews.tv/story, Gorilla celebrates 55th birthday with frozen cake</ref><ref>Associated Press, Oldest living gorilla dies at 55^{[dead link]}, Houston Chronicle, 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2008-09-05.</ref> Recently, gorillas have been observed engaging in face-to-face sex, a trait that was once considered unique to humans and the Bonobo.<ref>Caught in the act! Gorillas mate face to face</ref>

[edit] Intelligence

Gorillas are closely related to humans and are considered^{[by whom?]} highly intelligent. A few individuals in captivity, such as Koko, have been taught a subset of sign language (see animal language for a discussion). Like the other great apes, gorillas can laugh, grieve, have "rich emotional lives," develop strong family bonds, can make and use tools, and can think about the past and future.<ref>Planet Of No Apes? Experts Warn It's Close CBS News Online, 2007-09-12. Retrieved 2008-03-22.</ref> Some researchers believe that gorillas have spiritual feelings or religious sentiments.<ref name="Prince-Hughes66"/> Gorillas have been shown to have cultures in different areas revolving around different methods of food preparation, and gorillas will show individual color preferences.<ref name="Prince-Hughes66"/>

[edit] Tool use

The following observations were made by a team led by Thomas Breuer of the Wildlife Conservation Society in September 2005. Gorillas are now known to use tools in the wild. A female gorilla in the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in the Republic of Congo was recorded using a stick as if to gauge the depth of water whilst crossing a swamp. A second female was seen using a tree stump as a bridge and also as a support whilst fishing in the swamp. This means that all of the great apes are now known to use tools.<ref>Breuer, T; Ndoundou-Hockemba M, Fishlock V (2005). "First Observation of Tool Use in Wild Gorillas". PLoS Biol 3 (11): e380. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030380. PMID 16187795. </ref>

In September 2005, a two and a half year old gorilla in the Republic of Congo was discovered using rocks to smash open palm nuts inside a game sanctuary.<ref name=ns>"A Tough Nut To Crack For Evolution". CBS News. 2005-10-18. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/18/tech/main951800.shtml. Retrieved 2006-10-18. </ref> While this was the first such observation for a gorilla, over 40 years previously chimpanzees had been seen using tools in the wild, famously 'fishing' for termites. Great apes are endowed with a semi-precision grip, and certainly have been able to use both simple tools and even weapons, by improvising a club from a convenient fallen branch.

[edit] Interactions with humans

[edit] Studies

The word "gorilla" comes from the history of Hanno the Navigator, a Carthaginian explorer on an expedition on the west African coast. They encountered "a savage people, the greater part of whom were women, whose bodies were hairy, and who our interpreters called Gorillae".<ref>Periplus of Hanno, final paragraph</ref> The word was then later used as the species name, though it is unknown whether what these ancient Carthaginians encountered were truly gorillas, another species of ape or monkeys, or humans.<ref name=Groves2002/>

American physician and missionary Thomas Staughton Savage obtained the first specimens (the skull and other bones) during his time in Liberia in Africa.<ref name="Conniff"/> The first scientific description of gorillas dates back to an article by Savage and the naturalist Jeffries Wyman in 1847 in Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History,<ref>Savage TS. (1847). Communication describing the external character and habits of a new species of Troglodytes (T. gorilla). Boston Soc Nat Hist: 245–247.</ref><ref>Savage TS, Wyman J. (1847). Notice of the external characters and habits of Troglodytes gorilla, a new species of orang from the Gaboon River, osteology of the same. Boston J Nat Hist 5:417–443.</ref> where Troglodytes gorilla is described, now known as the Western Gorilla. Other species of gorilla are described in the next couple of years.<ref name=Groves2002/>

Explorer Paul du Chaillu was the first westerner to see a live gorilla during his travel through western equatorial Africa from 1856 to 1859. He brought dead specimens to the UK in 1861.<ref>McCook, S. (1996). ""It May Be Truth, but It Is Not Evidence": Paul du Chaillu and the Legitimation of Evidence in the Field Sciences". Osiris 11: 177–197. doi:10.1086/368759. </ref><ref>A History of Museum Victoria: Melbourne 1865: Gorillas at the Museum</ref>

The first systematic study was not conducted until the 1920s, when Carl Akeley of the American Museum of Natural History traveled to Africa to hunt for an animal to be shot and stuffed. On his first trip he was accompanied by his friends Mary Bradley, a famous mystery writer, and her husband. After their trip, Mary Bradley wrote On the Gorilla Trail. She later became an advocate for the conservation of gorillas and wrote several more books (mainly for children). In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Robert Yerkes and his wife Ava helped further the study of gorillas when they sent Harold Bigham to Africa. Yerkes also wrote a book in 1929 about the great apes.

After World War II, George Schaller was one of the first researchers to go into the field and study primates. In 1959, he conducted a systematic study of the mountain gorilla in the wild and published his work. Years later, at the behest of Louis Leakey and the National Geographic, Dian Fossey conducted a much longer and more comprehensive study of the Mountain Gorilla. It was not until she published her work that many misconceptions and myths about gorillas were finally disproved, including the myth that gorillas are violent.

[edit] Endangerment

Both species of gorilla are endangered,<ref name="endg1">IUCN Gorilla listing</ref> and have been subject to intense poaching for a long time. Threats to gorilla survival include habitat destruction and the bushmeat trade. In 2004 a population of several hundred gorillas in the Odzala National Park, Republic of Congo was essentially wiped out by the Ebola virus.<ref>"Gorillas infecting each other with Ebola". NewScientist.com. 2006-07-10. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9517-gorillas-infecting-each-other-with-ebola.html. Retrieved 2006-07-10. </ref> A 2006 study published in Science concluded that more than 5,000 gorillas may have died in recent outbreaks of the Ebola virus in central Africa. The researchers indicated that in conjunction with commercial hunting of these apes, the virus creates "a recipe for rapid ecological extinction."<ref>"Ebola 'kills over 5,000 gorillas'". News.bbc.co.uk. 2006-12-08. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6220122.stm. Retrieved 2006-12-09. </ref> Conservation efforts include the Great Ape Survival Project, a partnership between the United Nations Environment Programme and the UNESCO, and also an international treaty, the Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and Their Habitats, concluded under UNEP-administered Convention on Migratory Species. The Gorilla Agreement is the first legally binding instrument exclusively targeting Gorilla conservation and came into effect on 1 June 2008.

[edit] Cultural references

Since they came to the attention of western society in the 1860s, gorillas have been a recurring element of many aspects of popular culture and media. For example, gorillas have featured prominently in monstrous fantasy films such as King Kong, and pulp fiction such as the stories of Tarzan and Conan the Barbarian have featured gorillas as physical opponents to the titular protagonists.

[edit] See also

• List of apes – notable individual apes
• List of fictional apes

[edit] References

[edit] External links

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Wikinews has related news: Researchers: Wild gorillas seen using tools

• Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting International Gorilla Conservation Programme (Video)
• Primate Info Net Gorilla Factsheet - taxonomy, ecology, behavior and conservation
• San Diego Zoo Gorilla Factsheet - features a video and photos
• World Wildlife Fund: Gorillas - conservation, facts and photos
• Gorilla protection - Gorilla conservation
• Welcome to the Year of the Gorilla 2009
• Virunga National Park - The Official Website for Virunga National Park, the Last Refuge for Congo's Mountain Gorillas.

v · d · eExtant species of family Hominidae (Great apes) Kingdom: Animalia · Phylum: Chordata · Class: Mammalia · Order: Primates · Suborder: Haplorrhini Ponginae Pongo (Orangutans) Bornean Orangutan (P. pygmaeus) · Sumatran Orangutan (P. abelii) Homininae Gorilla Western Gorilla (G. gorilla) · Eastern Gorilla (G. beringei) Pan (Chimpanzees) Common Chimpanzee (P. troglodytes) · Bonobo (P. paniscus) Homo Human (H. s. sapiens) Category

v · d · eApe-related articles Ape species Human · Bonobo · Common chimpanzee · Gorilla  · Orangutan  · Gibbon Human and gorilla skeleton Ape study Ape language · Ape Trust · Dian Fossey · Birutė Galdikas · Jane Goodall · Chimpanzee genome project · Human genome project · Neanderthal genome project · Willie Smits · Lone Drøscher Nielsen  · Borneo Orangutan Survival Legal and social status Personhood · Research ban · Kinshasa Declaration · Great Ape Project · Survival Project See also Bushmeat · Ape extinction · List of notable apes · List of fictional apes · Human evolution · Mythic humanoids · Hominid

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