Guadalajara, Jalisco
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- This article is about the Mexican city of Guadalajara. For other meanings, see Guadalajara
| Guadalajara | |||||
| |||||
| Nickname: ""City of Roses" "Western Pearl"" | |||||
| Coordinates: | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Mexico | ||||
| State | Jalisco | ||||
| Boroughs | Guadalajara Zapopan Tlaquepaque Tonala Tlajomulco de Zuñiga | ||||
| Foundation | 1542 | ||||
| Mayor | Ernesto A. Espinosa Guarro | ||||
| Area | |||||
| - City | 187.9 km² | ||||
| - Metro | 500 km² | ||||
| Population | |||||
| - City (2005) | 1,646,183 | ||||
| - Density | 8,761/km² | ||||
| - Metro | 4,100,000 | ||||
| - Metro Density | 8,200/km²/km² (/sq mi) | ||||
| Time zone | CST (UTC-6) (UTCGMT-6) | ||||
| Website: http://www.Guadalajara.gob.mx | |||||
Guadalajara (Spanish pronunciation [gwa.ð̞a.laˈ.xa.ɾa]) is the capital city of the state of Jalisco, and the second most populated city in Mexico, located in the central region of the state of Jalisco in the western-pacific area of Mexico. According to the INEGI the population of the metropolitan area is 4.1 million inhabitants. Guadalajara is one of the principal centers of culture, economy, history, industry and religion in the country. Mexico is very much influenced by the culture and folklore of this city birthplace of the mariachi music and charreadas and Tequila. Guadalajara is known as "La Perla Tapatia" ("Pearl of the West") and Ciudad de las Rosas (City of the Roses) for its architecture and environment. The city is named after the Spanish city of Guadalajara, whose name originates from the Arabic Wad-al-hidjara, meaning "River Running Between Rocks".
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[edit] History
During the Colonial era, Guadalajara became the capital of Nueva Galicia and after the War of Independence it became the capital of the Intendencia of Guadalajara. Guadalajara was established in Atemajac Valley on February 14 1542 under the Royal order of king Charles V. Guadalajara had three seats before settling down in its present site. At first it was in Mesa of the Hill (to the border of Nochistlán in the province of the Teúl), today well-known like San Juan. It founded in January 5 of 1532, Juan de Oñate who had been commissioner by Nuño de Guzmán. Villa de Guadalajara founded 42 neighbors; the name of Guadalajara took it in memory from Guadalajara, Spain, born place of Nuño de Guzmán.
Little Villa in this site lasted, with the consent of Guzmán, Juan de Oñate, Miguel de Ibarra and Sancho Ortiz, the 19 of May of 1533, projected to change it of place in where there were more water and less wind.The neighbors to that site were transferred then; thus, for day 8 of August of 1533, Guadalajara was in its second seat. After two years before March of 1535, once again, they changed olacoation. The 8 of November of 1539 the emperor Carlos V granted to shield of arms and title from city to the new villa of Guadalajara. It was furiously attacked the 28 of September of 1541 by the natives who had participated in the War of the Mixtón. Thanks to the governor of the city, Cristóbal de Oñate, they could be saved of the furious attacks of the natives. The 29 of September, proclaimed main Pattern to it of the new city. They thought then to transfer it to the valley of Atemajac, near Tonalá and Toluquilla. By this valley the well-known river ran now like San Juan de Dios and it was a site more surely to be defended of any attack of the natives.
[edit] Guadalajara in century XX
The Porfiriato was finished and Mexican revolution exploded. Guadalajara was calm at least (be cause the conflict was rinung more towards the capital). After the cristero conflict peace returned to Guadalajara. For a long period the city bloomed and it was developed in diverse points, bloomed the medium and big companies and the areas around the residential nucleus that began to grow from the colony, were born therefore the new architectonic concepts which would decorate the city with styles from years 1920 to the '80, the city happened through several structural plans during every governmental period, where new zones and commercial areas were born, and the creation of transnational companies as well as the arrival of international industries to the city. The first commercial centers bloomed, which also were first in being constructed in the country and Latin America. The city began to expand quickly until finding the territorial union with the municipality of Zapopan. The most important developments created during this period cold be; Expo Guadalajara, Light Train, commercial centers, hotels, the expansion of streets and avenues, and the birth and development of the road infrastructure, services, tourist and industrial infraestructure. Guadalajara was growing quiclky until become the industrial, toursit and comerce headquarter of the country, and the second economy in Mexico after the national capital (Mexico City). This development so accelerated saw braking by events like the explosions of April 22 of 1992, where hundreds of houses, avenues, streets, companies and infrastructure were damaged seriously, leaving losses calculated in 1.000 million dollars, in one of the most tragic events in the history of Guadalajara. This event, combined to the economic crisis of 1994, gave like result the loss of the industrial power of Guadalajara; the investigation of the facts lasted more than 11 years without finding tests sufficient to name a guilty, the investigations now are closed attributing the events to an accident. These events leads Guadalajara to explore newvisions in the development, being the sector of services the key of the economic reactivation. With the arrival of a new party to the power, new companies were born and the development of the existing ones was increased, the industry began to bloom again and Guadalajara was being developed on the eve of the new century that would bring important and ambitious development plans for the city and the country.
[edit] Guadalajara Century XXI
Image:Torrena1.jpg The geographical location of the city and Its infrastructure of communications makes it very strategic for the comerce with the rest of the country, wich attracts investors and commerce worldwide. In 1987 Expo Guadalajara was opened. Guadalajara counts with more than 25,000 rooms in the city. In the educative scope Guadalajara is a very important center of universities and educative centers with national and world-wide prestige, such as the Pan-American University, ITESO, the University of Guadalajara and the Autonoma University of Guadalajara (U.A.G.), among others. The Metropolitan Zone of Guadalajara counts on several commercial centers; the city is national leader in development and investment in commercial centers, in this city is where is placed one of greatest malls in Latin America (Galleries Guadalajara 360). The boom of contsruction and fast development is one of the most important in the history of the city. Its cultural wealth has taken an important front sight in the tourist sector; the city generates many of the main cultural events of the country and is a comun scale of people who visits Mexico. Guadalajara is shelter of a great circle of artists and consumers of art and culture. Having the culture as key for the development of Guadalajara, the foundation Guggenheim has approved the construction of what will be the sixth Guggenheim museum in the world wich is actually in construction. This and the majority of the projects that actually are under construction in Guadalajara, rotate focused to give the priority to the cultural wave that covers the city and are ment to make consolidates to Guadalajara as the new cultural icon in Latinamerica. The city, will be also the the 2011 Pan-American Games city host.
[edit] Population
The Municipality of Guadalajara is the most populated in Jalisco with 1,646,183 inhabitants<ref>XII Censo General de Población y Vivienda 2000. INEGI</ref>. However, The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area also includes the municipalities of Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, Tonalá, Tlajomulco, Zapotlanejo and Ixtlahuacán del Río, which together totaled 4,100,000 inhabitants in 2005. Guadalajara is the second most populous metro area after Mexico City.
[edit] People
Image:1oq8.jpg Most people from Guadalajara are known as tapatíos. Most of the population of Guadalajara is Mestizo and Creole, there is, however, a large population of people of German, Slavic, and French ancestry in Guadalajara as well, since during the French intervention three different cultures were mixed: Spaniairds, French and Aborigen; the great majority of the population possesses both Creole and mestizo characteristics. This historical mixed was the reasons for the title: "The exotic Creoles of Latin America " as people from guadalajara is knwon. Throughout the years there have been joining more Europeans, North Americans, Argentinians, Brazilian and finally Chinese, who will form the Chinese neighborhood that will be located in the center of the city. In this particular mexican city only a low percentage of people corresponds to indigenous population, the majority of náhuatl and huichola speech. There is an important American community in nearby Ajijic. A relatively important national evangelical church (Iglesia de la Luz del Mundo) has its headquarters in this city. Although Tapatios are best known as conservative, tolerance to a diversity of beliefs and preferences is increasing.
Celebrities born in Guadalajara include film star Gael García Bernal, tennis player Antonio Palafox, golf player Lorena Ochoa, footballer Oswaldo Sanchez, singer Vicente Fernández, singer Alejandro Fernández (Vicente Fernández's son), film director Guillermo del Toro, artist Pedro Fernandez, rock band Mana, guitarist Carlos Santana, artist Fernanda Guerra , artist Xavier Martinez and Artis Carlos Garcia.
[edit] Economy
The economy of Guadalajara is active in the three economic sectors (Secondary and Tertiary activities economic) that are the Primary ones. The primary activities are based on the transit and commerce of Bovine, Pig cattle, Ovicaprino, Goat, Equino, Bird-raising.
[edit] Industry
The secondary activities is based on the industries textile and metalmecánic. Guadalajara is the industrial capital in the West of Mexico and its industrial sector grows and it recovers quickly of the events that in the middle of years 1990 made lose their industrial position in the country. The nutritional industry exports most of its products (juice, tinned, sweet products, sauces, canned food and food products in general), of these exports a 60% is national and 40% rest are sent to the United States, (where the tapatio products are leaders in the latin market in The U.S.). In the pharmaceutical industry Guadalajara and Mexico City together play the most important role in the national production. At the moment, Guadalajara is well-known like "the Mexican Silicon Valley", due to the great height and development of the electronic industry: it is the main software producer in the country, and products as well electronic and digital components for vanguard machines and metalmecánica industry. Such high-technology companies as General Electric, IBM, Intel, Hitachi, Hewlett Packard, Siemens, Flextronics and Solectron have facilities in the city or its suburbs. The city has a textile production wich exports to the country, is one of the greater distributors of clothes in Mexico. The fashion industry is another of the sectors that grows in the city; designers, photographers, agencies, coordinators, models, and people around this sector are supported by the Camera of the Industry of Vestido (CAINVE) and the Camera the Industry of Calzado (CAIC). Another dynamic and important productive sectors are the industry of footwear and the leather production. The city designs and produces footwear and leather shop. The production of furniture and crafts is another important economic activity, exporting a great amount of the manufacture within the country, Europe and the United States, being this last country one of the main consumers of furniture, crafts and articles of decoration made in the city. One of the economic sectors that were growing at the end of the last century is the health industry: Guadalajara realize cardiac operations, transplants, dermatology, cosmetic surgery; this sector is one of those of greater growth at the moment. The academic education of universities, private and federal schools is another of the sectors that attract more economic development to the city. Guadalajara is the main producer of jewelry shop in the country. And the main world wide producer of tequila.
[edit] Tourism
The tertiary activities is based on the tourism, the academic, entertainment, sport and cultural tourism (which one of the most significant growth within next the 5 years is expected), the tourism is one of the sectors with more importance in Guadalajara. The commerce is another one of the most dynamic activities of the city, is made the national product transaction and mattered, growth and investment in commercial centers, comervial expositions and fairs, transport and comunications The services are of all type: financiers, professionals, communal, social, personal technicians, of maintenance and tourist. The national expansion of the companies tapatias has had the fastest growth at the beginning of this century, as much small companies as international tapatian emporiums such as Omnilife, Farmacias Guadalajara, Corporativo Fragua, Centenario, Casa Cuervo,Urrea, Gonvill, among others. The city refers to itself as the Silicon Valley of Mexico. Such high-technology companies as General Electric, IBM, Intel, Hitachi, Hewlett Packard, Siemens, Flextronics and Solectron have facilities in the city or its suburbs. Guadalajara is also a trade of transport and communication. The geographical location of the city makes it strategic for commerce. It is an important touristic destination center in itself and serves as an axis of an array of nearby touristic destinations (Puerto Vallarta, Manzanillo, Mazatlan). Guadalajara is well connected by modern highways to Mexico City, to the Northwest and to the major beach resorts of Manzanillo and Puerto Vallarta. Guadalajara's airport is the third most active of the country (after Mexico City and Cancún) with direct flights to many Mexican and American cities. It also has a lively and distinctive network of car-free streets.
[edit] Airport
Image:Gdaairport9ht.jpg The city is served by the Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport also known as Guadalajara International Airport. It's located south of the city on the highway between Guadalajara and Chapala.
Along with Mexico's main carriers, AeroMexico, Mexicana and Aviacsa, the airport is also served by most U.S. airlines, including, Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, ATA, Continental, Delta, Frontier and U.S. Airways. Numerous discount airlines also use the airport, flying to Mexican destinations. The newly-launched carriers serving Guadalajara include Avolar, Interjet, Alma de Mexico and Volaris.
[edit] Education
The Universidad de Guadalajara, the state's public university, has its main campuses and administrative offices here. This University is the second largest in Mexico and ranks among the largest in the world. Guadalajara is also home to ITESO, a Jesuit university, and has campuses of several private schools such as Universidad del Valle de Mexico (UVM), ITESO, Tec de Monterrey (ITESM), Universidad Panamericana (UP), and Universidad del Valle de Atemajac (UNIVA), as well as the Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara (UAG), which was founded in 1935 and is the oldest private university in Mexico.
[edit] Culture
Image:Orquesta Filarmonica de Jalisco.jpg The actual cultural movement in Guadalajara is without a doubt one of strongest in America, where the whole city becomes contributor. Guadalajara is the city with greater number of contemporary artistic exponents in the country; in dance, theater, music, photographs, cinema, design, architecture, etc., and it also has pioneers in the experimental arts. The University Center of Art, Architecture and Design (C.U.A.A.D.) it is one of the academic institutions with more endorsement and internationl reputation in the art matter, being the University of Guadalajara along with the federal governemnet who represents and supports this big cultural movement, where the young people are a very important point in the diffusion, creation, support and consumption of the culture in Guadalajara, becoming a whole lifestyle for "tapatios" young people. The city is the house of several cultural festivals like the May Cultural Festival, Fiestas de Octubre, Zapopum!, the Guadalajara Municipal Fair Book, Fair of Mariachi and Charreria, Guadalajara Contemporary Dance festival, CHROMA, Fotoseptiembre, Independient Film Festival and world wide important festivals like Guadalajara International Film Festival; wich has helped the mexican cinema in these last twenty years to have a strong international presence, the cinema is one of the expressions with more support by industralists and institutes in the city who have collaborated in the support of several contemporary films. As well, the Guadalajara International Book Fair (FIL)wich is celebrated in November and is considered the most important Spanish language book fair in the world and the second world-wide in importance after the Book Fair of Frankfurt Germany. Every year has a special guest, or a country or a region who go to this fair to show its culture in general. This fair organize as welll the kids book fair; Papirolas.
The city is also place of several dance and ballet companies, like: Ballet of Chamber of Jalisco, Folkloric Ballet of the University of Guadalajara and University of Guadalajara Contemporary Ballet, many of which after concluding the process of eight years that takes in the BCJ, they have emigrated to joints like the National Company of Dance, the Ballet of Chicago or the Ballet of Boston. Contemporary music has been an important factor within the new cultural movement, being Guadalajara one of the cities with greater exponents and consumers of this music genre. The city receive the name of “Electronic Capital of Mexico” in honor to its important representation in Mexico and the world with its exponents of electronic music and for being host of the principal electronic music events. This city has been the cradle and lodges of distinguished poets, writers, painters, actors, film directors and representatives of the art, such as: Jose Clemente Orozco, Jesus Reyes Ferrerira, Jose Vizcarra, Doctor Atl (Gerald Murillo), Roberto Montenegro, Jose Luis Figueroa, Carlos Orozco Romero, Luis Barragán, Jorge González Camarena, Raul Anguiano, Juan Soriano, Alejandro Colunga, Enrique Guzmán and Javier Campos Cabello; important exponents of Literature such as: Juan Rulfo, Francisco Rojas, Agustín Yañez, Emmanuel Carballo, Jorge Souza, among others; and film directors like Jaime Humberto Hermosillo, Guillermo del Toro and actors like Katy Jurado, Enrique Alvarez Felix and actual exponents like Gael García Bernal. Image:Teatrodiana.jpg Guadalajara produces the most important cultural magazine in the country. The cultural tourism is one of the most important economic activities. At the present time the construction of a Guggenheim museum with seat in Guadalajara, has been reason for world-wide attention, this and most of the projects that at the moment are constructed in Guadalajara, they turn focused to give the priority to the cultural sector. On 28 October 2004 Guadalajara was declared the American Capital of Culture for 2005.
[edit] Architecture
The city is certainly very rich in architecture, that varies from the most exquisite baroque architecture, until the modern one. The architectonic forms of the colony are product of French and Spanish architectonic currents that during the foundation of Guadalajara shone in the European continent and that of parallel way left influence in this city. In the historical center (downtown) it is possible to be appreciated the pure example of neoclassic architecture beginning with the metropolitan cathedral, the degollado theater and buildings to the environs, in the Lafayette colony is east architectonic style in residential large houses some whatever turned boutiques and restaurants. During the Porfiriato the French style invaded the city due to the passion of then president Porfirio Dìaz by the currents of French style, also Italian architects were the ones in charge to give form to the gothic structures that rise in the city. The passage of time I leave shaped diverse currents that happen from the baroque one, to the churrigueresco, neogothic and neoclassic but the pure one. Until the own architectonic lines of the decades of the ' 40, ' 50 and ' 60 the audacious Art Deco and lines of the posmodernistas architects of then. Guadalajara is conformed by 1,500 colonies (city areas) in which the Metropolitan Zone extends, the first area of the city conforms houses in their majority of but of 2 levels with architectonic styles that go from the churrigueresco, baroque and European styles of century XIX, the first area of the city conforms the centric zones and their environs, like the district of the Sanctuary, Mezquitan, Analco, San Juan de Dios and the Colony Center (downtwon). Image:Santuariobarrio.jpg Towards the west of the first area the large houses of century XIX begin to rise, calls to account of distinguished personages in the history of the city, neoclassic structures and large houses of the Porfiriato, this picture conform colonies like Lafayette, American, Modern, Vallarta Arcs, in which their respective expansions correspond to constructions of years 1920.1930, 1940 and 1950. To Guadalajara environs expands in a second area where the blossoming of the new arquitectonicas tendencies of years 1960 and 1970 left the track of colonies like American, Vallarta the West, Modern, Providence, Vallarta San Jorge etc. Between which they are from the posmodernistas lines, the Art deco until the architectonic legacy of one of the world-wide icons of the Mexican architecture:Luis Barragán who was born and raised in Guadalajara. The city has many prestigious residential developments and private communities; Puerta de Hierro, Hills of San Javier, Bugambilias City, las Cañadas, el Palomar, Santa Anita, Real Valley etc. Limits of the city are conformed by middle-class colonies and habitational developments constructed like part of governmental plans. The west of the city, is altogether the area that represents the highest economic level, whereas the east shows a low level. The city extends towards the west in colonies like Pine of the Calm, las fuentes, La estancia, colli Urbano, annexing its metropolitan zone to the municipality of Tlajomulco de Zuñiga. It is anticipated that approximately five hundred more colonies in the ZMG will exist in the 2010 year. The expansion of the city and the demographic demand force the government to destine more domiciliary names and numbers every year and destining infrastructure resources as well for the plusvalic development of the city.
[edit] Personages Illustrate
Guadalajara, in a matter of modern and old culture honors those illustrate citizens that during history they made heighten the name of his state and its city. Some personages are carved, in the seat of the roundhouse of the illustrious men, located in the historical center of the city of Guadalajara. Roundhouse of the Jaliscienses Ilustres.
[edit] Gastronomy
Guadalajara counts on a great variety of typical subjects of gossip, like pozole, tamales, toasted, Sopes, Enchiladas, Tacos, Capirotada,Valentina chicken, and the great variety of "Mexican antojitos". Having like them several international pavilions to if like events dedicated to Mexican gastronomy and international. Guadalajara also counts on places to taste the international food, counts on recognized places and some of the best restaurants of the country with specialties in eating Mexican, Spanish, French, Brazilian, Japanese, Italian, Hindue, Arabian, Lebanese, Greek, Chinese, Argentinian, Thailander and several restaurants specialized in vegetarian, organic food and fusiòn cuisine. But something that totally distinguishes it of all the country is the "tortas ahogadas" consists of birote (tipical tapatian bread of French origin) with fried choped meat, fried beans, the torta bathes in tomato sauce (condimentated with spices), additionally eats with lemon onion slices. Another one of the typical meals of Guadalajara and all the state of Jalisco is "birria", which normally is done with goat meat, other varieties like pig or chicken meat exist, although they are not so popular, birria artisan becomes in a special furnace that can be burried under the ground and it is covered with maguey leaves, the meat can be mixed in a tomato broth.
[edit] Sports
Image:Jaliscoestadium.jpg There are three major football clubs. The most important being: Chivas and, Atlas. Also, UAG is associated with the first division football club Tecos. Atlas and Chivas share the Estadio Jalisco, while Estadio Tres de Marzo is the home of the Tecos. A new stadium for Chivas, called the Estadio Chivas is planned for Zapopan, but will not be completed in 2006 as originally expected. The people of the city practice rugby, american foot ball, Tenis, Basket Ball, Voley Ball, and many other sports and disciplines. The state of Jalisco where the city is placed, is the National Olympic Games champion, wining the national championship 6 consecutives times in all disciplines having like main traning center the CODE complex in the city of Guadalajara. The city is also National champion in Basket Ball, American Foot Ball and Hockey on Ice and the birth place of one of the best golf players;Lorena Ochoa. The city, will be also the the 2011 Pan-American Games city host.
[edit] Disaster
Guadalajara is also known for the great disaster of April 22, 1992, which took place in the downtown district of Analco. Numerous explosions originated in the sewer system, which was inexplicably saturated with gasoline fumes and gasoline. During a period of four hours, several explosions destroyed kilometers of streets; in particular, Gante street was the most damaged. The force of the explosions was such, that some newspaper pictures showed a bus atop a two-storied building's rooftop. Officially 206 people were killed, nearly 500 injured and 15,000 were left homeless. The affected area can be recognized by the more modern architecture, in stark contrast with the surrounding area, which has much older buildings. To date, Pemex, the state-owned oil company, has not accepted any responsibility for the enormous amounts of gasoline found in the sewage system, although it agreed to create a fund to compensate the families affected by this catastrophe.
Guadalajara is also the site of major seismological activity with a high-scale earthquake occurring about every 80 years.
[edit] Twin cities
[edit] Gallery of Guadalajara
Guadalajara's International Airport-interior- |
Guadalajara Condominium and Diana Theatre |
Towers of the Country Club Condominium |
Guadalajara World Trade Center |
Chapultepec Tower |
Vallarta Avenue |
Tapatio Tour, Bus Tour |
Municipal Palace |
Plaza de Armas and Cathedral |
Government's Palace |
Liberation Square |
Pedro Moreno Street |
Cabañas Cultural Institute |
Juarez Avenue and Colon Street |
Morelos Street |
Building at University Square |
Octavio Paz Library at University Square |
Plaza Tapatía |
Coat of Arms |
Templo Expiatorio |
[edit] See also
- Panteón de Belén
- Hospicio Cabañas - a World Heritage Site in Guadalajara
- Nuño Guzmán de Beltran, founder of Guadalajara
- Latin American painters, master painters of Latin America
[edit] External links
- H. Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara
- Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco
- Guadalajara Hotels Online hotel reservation, weather forecast, events information.
- Hotels hotel reservation
- Night4u Nightlife in Guadalajara.
| Pan American Games host cities |
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| 1951: Buenos Aires •
1955: Mexico City • 1959: Chicago • 1963: São Paulo • 1967: Winnipeg • 1971: Cali • 1975: Mexico City • 1979: San Juan • 1983: Caracas • 1987: Indianapolis • 1991: Havana • 1995: Mar del Plata • 1999: Winnipeg • 2003: Santo Domingo • 2007: Rio de Janeiro • 2011: Guadalajara • |
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