Habenula
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In neuroanatomy, habenula originally denoted the stalk of the pineal gland (pineal habenula; pedunculus of pineal body), but gradually came to refer to a neighboring group of nerve cells with which the pineal gland was believed to be associated, the habenular nucleus. Currently, the TA term refers exclusively to this circumscript cell mass in the caudal and dorsal aspect of the dorsal thalamus, embedded in the posterior end of the medullary stria from which it receives most of its afferent fibers. By way of the retroflex fasciculus (habenulointerpeduncular tract) it projects to the interpeduncular nucleus and other paramedian cell groups of the midbrain tegmentum. Despite its proximity to the pineal stalk, no habenulopineal fiber connection is known to exist.
The habenula is involved in receiving input from the brain via the stria medullaris thalami and output to many midbrain areas involved in releasing personality-related neuromodulators, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (from the ventral tegmental area, locus coeruleus, and raphe cells, respectively.)
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third ventricle, interventricular foramina, optic chiasm, subfornical organ epithalamus: pineal body, habenula, habenular nuclei anterior hypothalamus: anterior hypothalamic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, preoptic area, supraoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus intermediate/middle/tuberal/pituitary hypothalamus: infundibulum, median eminence, arcuate nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, tuber cinereum, pituitary gland (anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary) posterior/lateral hypothalamus: posterior nucleus, mammillary body, lateral nucleus subthalamus: subthalamic nucleus thalamus: pulvinar, medial geniculate nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus, list of thalamic nuclei |
