Hawker Typhoon

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Hawker Typhoon

Royal Canadian Air Force Typhoon fitted with 60 lb rockets
Type	fighter-bomber
Manufacturer	Hawker Aircraft/Gloster
Designed by	Sidney Camm
Maiden flight	1939
Introduced	1941
Primary users	RAF RCAF
Number built	3,330

The Typhoon was a British single-seat strike fighter, produced by Hawker Aviation starting in 1941. Intended as a replacement for the Hawker Hurricane in the interceptor role, it suffered from performance problems, but eventually evolved into one of World War II's most successful ground attack aircraft.

1 History
2 Squadron use
3 Specifications (Typhoon Mk Ib)
4 References
5 Related content

[edit] History

Even before the new Hurricane was rolling off the production lines in March 1937, Sidney Camm had moved on to designing its future replacement as a private project. This was to be a massive plane designed around the equally massive Napier Sabre engine. The work proved useful when Hawker received specification F.18/37 in January 1938 from the Air Ministry, which asked for a fighter based around either the Napier Sabre or the Rolls-Royce Vulture engine. The engines were similar in that they were both 24 cylinder designs that were designed to deliver over 2,000 hp (1.5 MW), and different primarily in the arrangement of the cylinders—an H-block in the Sabre and an X-block in the Vulture.

The two resulting models became known as the "R" and "N" (based on the engine manufacturer) and were very similar—the Vulture-powered R plane had a rounder nose profile and a ventral radiator, whereas the Sabre-powered N had a flatter deck and a chin mounted radiator. The basic design of both continued the Hawker tradition of using "older" construction techniques; the front fuselage was welded steel just like the Hurricane, and the design used a massive 40 foot (12 m) wing that was much thicker than those on designs like the Spitfire. Camm did give in to the times for much of the rest of the plane though; it was semi-monocoque from the cockpit rearward, flush riveted, and had wide set gear. Instead of sliding or lifting canopy the Typhoon came with a side door.

The R version first flew in October 1939, and the RAF was so impressed they ordered 1,000 as the Tornado. Various problems, notably compression effects which were previously unknown to Hawker, slowed the acceptance down. In addition the plane had rather disappointing climb performance, which meant it would not be the Spitfire-replacing interceptor they were looking for. In February 1940 the first N model, now known as the Typhoon, was delivered. The RAF placed a large order for it as well, but moved production to Gloster Aircraft who had no designs to produce at the time. Like the Tornado, the Typhoon was soon demonstrating its own problems, including vibrations from the engine causing the wing skinning to peel.

Eventually the RAF cancelled all work on both models in May 1940 so that Hawker could concentrate solely on the Hurricane during the Battle of Britain. This was the design's first brush with death. Some small-scale work continued, changes to streamline the fuselage and supply a much thinner wing were looked at, as well as alternate engines in the form of large radials. In October pressure on the RAF eased and work was allowed to continue on the two original designs.

The first full production version Tornado was delivered in early 1941 and demonstrated the then unheard-of speed of 425 mph fully armed. This was also the last Tornado. While production lines were being drawn up, the Vulture engine project was suddenly terminated by Rolls-Royce and the Tornado was left without an engine. However the Typhoon had "good enough" performance to warrant production. The first production Mk.IA was delivered in May 1941 with twelve Browning .303 guns, but this was followed quickly with the Mk.IB with four Hispano 20 mm cannons.

By this time the Spitfire Vs were meeting Focke-Wulf Fw 190s in combat and getting rather beaten up, so the Typhoon was rushed into squadron service (with 56 and 609 Squadrons) to counter the new German plane. Sadly this proved to be a disaster. An apparent structural weakness in the tail meant that it tended to break off when pulling out of dives, the Fw's favourite escape. Once again there was talk of killing the design. The cause of these tail-failures (in which only one of the pilots survived to give any clue to the reason) was found to be fatigue failure of the elevator mass-balance, allowing elevator-flutter to occur which was at its greatest when pulling-out of a dive. As a "temporary" measure, rectangular strengthening "fishplates" were riveted around the fuselage/empennage joint—the site of the failures. These fishplates remained a feature on all subsequent Typhoons. Problems with leakage of exhaust fumes into the cockpit and subsequent high carbon monoxide levels meant Typhoon pilots had to use oxygen for even low level operations. Due to the efforts of operational pilots like S/L Roland Beamont (of 609 Squadron) the Typhoon continued under development despite these design drawbacks.

During late 1942 and early 1943, the Typhoon Squadrons on the South Coast were finally effective in countering the Luftwaffe's "tip and run" low-level nuisance raids, shooting down a score or more of fighter bomber FW-190's. The first two Messerschmitt Me 210 fighter-bombers to be destroyed over the British Isles fell to the guns of Typhoons in late 1942, and during a daylight raid by the Luftwaffe on London on January 20, 1943, five Fw 190s were destroyed by Typhoons.

It was not until 1943 that the various problems with the airframe and engine had finally started to be worked out of the system. By this time the need for a pure fighter was no longer important and the design was converted into a fighter-bomber—much like the Hurricane had before it. The powerful engine allowed the plane to carry a massive load of up to two 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs, with which the aircraft were nick-named "Bombphoons". The first "Bombphoon" squadron was 181 Squadron, formed in September 1942.

The Typhoon would however become much more famous armed with four "60 lb" RP-3 rockets under each wing—the so-called "Rocketphoons". In October 1943, 181 Squadron made the first Typhoon rocket strikes.

Although the rocket projectiles were inaccurate and took some considerable skill to aim properly and allow for the drop after firing, the sheer firepower of just one Typhoon was equivalent to a destroyer's broadside. The top speed of the Typhoon was reduced by some 15 mph by the non-jettisionable rocket rails.

By the end of 1943, eighteen Typhoon squadrons formed the basis of the RAF's Second Tactical Air Force ground attack arm in Europe.

Inaccuracy notwithstanding, the rockets (backed by the Typhoon's four 20 mm cannon) proved highly effective against many targets, such as unarmoured "soft-skinned" vehicles, road transport, trains and small sea craft. Although great things were expected against the heavily armoured tanks of the Wehrmacht, the rockets needed to hit the thin-walled engine compartment or the tank's tracks to really have any destructive effect. Analysis of destroyed tanks after the Normandy battle showed a 'hit-rate' for the air-fired rockets of only 4 %. The Mk.IB (by late 1943 modified with a four blade propeller and teardrop perspex canopy) nervertheless distinguished itself during 1944 and in the Battle of Normandy.

By D-Day, in June 1944, the RAF had twenty-six operational squadrons of Typhoon IBs. The aircraft proved itself to be the most effective RAF tactical strike aircraft, both on interdiction raids against communications and transport targets deep in North Western Europe prior to the invasion, and in direct support of the Allied ground forces after D-Day.

On 7 August the German counter-attack at Mortain, threatening Patton's breakout from the beachhead, was repulsed by 2nd TAF Typhoons, some 81 vehicles destroyed or damaged. In the Vire area, where the British Army was under attack, Typhoons flew 294 sorties on one day, with 2,088 rockets and 80 tons of bombs despatched.

On 24 October 1944, 146 Wing of Typhoons attacked a building in Dordrecht where senior German 15th Army staff were meeting; seventeen staff officers and fifty-five other officers were killed.

For use in the tactical reconnaissance role, the Typhoon FR.IB was developed early in 1945. In this version the two inboard cannon were removed and three F.24 cameras were carried in their place. One Typhoon was also converted as a prototype night fighter, the NF.Mk IB was fitted with A.I. (Airborne Interception, i.e., radar) equipment, special night-flying cockpit and other modifications.

Production of the Typhoon, entirely by Gloster, was 3,330 machines.

Top scoring fighter ace flying Typhoons was Wing Commander John Robert Baldwin, who claimed 15 aircraft shot down during 1942–44.

Hawker developed an improved version of the Typhoon, the Typhoon II but the differences between it and the Mark I were so great that it was effectively a different plane, the Hawker Tempest.

Only one complete Hawker Typhoon still survives - MN235 - and it is on display at the RAF Museum.

[edit] Squadron use

[edit] RAF – United Kingdom

[edit] RNZAF – New Zealand

No. 486 Squadron RNZAF

[edit] RCAF – Canada

No. 440 Squadron RCAF

[edit] Specifications (Typhoon Mk Ib)

General characteristics<h3>
Crew: One
Length: 31 ft 11.5 in (9.73 m)
Wingspan: 41 ft 7 in (12.67 m)
Height: 15 ft 4 in (4.66 m)
Wing area: 249 ft² (23.13 m²)
Empty weight: 9,800 lb (4,445 kg)
Loaded weight: 11,400 lb (5,170 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 13,980 lb (6,340 kg)
Powerplant: 1× Napier Sabre IIC liquid-cooled H-24, 2,260 hp (1,685 kW)
<h3>Performance<h3>
Maximum speed: 405 mph at 18,000 ft (650 km/h at 5,485 m)
Range: 610 mi (980 km)
Service ceiling: 34,000 ft (10,400 m)
Rate of climb: 2,630 ft/min (13.4 m/s)
Wing loading: 45.8 lb/ft² (223.5 kg/m²)
Power/mass: 0.20 hp/lb (0.33 kW/kg)
<h3>Armament<h3>
4x 20 mm Hispano-Suiza HS.404 cannons
2x 1,000 lb (454 kg) bombs
8x 3 in (75 mm) RP-3 ("60 lb) unguided rockets

[edit] References

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft, vol. 9, iss. 106, pg. 2120. Aerospace Publishing/Orbis Publishing.
197 Typhoon Squadron // Homepage
Reed, Arthur. Typhoon and Tempest at War. London: Ian Allan, 1974. ISBN 0-7110-0542-7.
Shores, Christopher. Ground Attack Aircraft of World War Two. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1977. ISBN 0-356-08338-1.
The Unofficial Homepage of 439 Tiger Squadron
Rawlings, John D R. (1969). Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Macdonald & Co.