The metal copper is named after Cyprus. The Romans called it aes Cyprium, the 'metal of Cyprus', which was shortened to cyprium and then corrupted to cuprum. The ancient Greek word for copper is chalkos.

[edit] Prehistory

Main article: Cyprus (Prehistory)

ca. 8500 BC: Possible first human settlement by epipalaeolithic hunters and gatherers at Aetokremnos possibly arriving from Rumelia
7000-5300 BC: Neolithic
- ca. 7000: Settlement of the island by Neolithic farmers from the Levant (PPN B) who introduced domesticated wheat, cattle, sheep, goats, dogs and fallow deer, wild foxes and tamed cats.
- 6th Millennium: aceramic Khirokitia-culture with round houses
- 4500-4000: first pottery produced during the Sotira-Phase
4000-2500 Chalcolithic
- Erimi-Phase (Chalcolithic I), copper known, but used sparingly
- Ambelikou/Ayios Georghios (Chalcolithic II)
2700-1050 Bronze Age
- 2700-1900: Early Bronze age. First rectangular houses, re-introduction of cattle from Middle East, introduction of plough. Phoenician and Assyrian influences
- Enkomi-phase: first cities, Systematic copper mining and trade
1900-1600: Middle Bronze Age
1600-1050: Late Bronze Age.
1400 BC Mycenaeans reach the island as settlers. First use of The Cypriot syllabic scriptin (LCIB).
- 1300-1200 Several waves of Achaean Greeks come to settle on the island bringing with them the Greek language, their religion, their customs. BC Late Cypriot (LC) IIC, local prosperity, re-building of cities.
- 1200-1100 BC: end of the late Bronze Age (LCIIIA). Local production Mycenaean pottery
- 1100-1050: latest bronze Age (LCIIIB,), introduction of a new type of grave, Mycenean influences in pottery decoration.
- 1125-1050: Submycenean period.
1050-700: Iron Age
1050-750: Geometric period

[edit] Ancient history

Main article: Cyprus (Ancient history)

750-325 BC Archaic and Classical Period
750 King Evagoras of Salamis (who ruled from 411-374 BC) rebels against Persia and unifies the island city Kingdoms become one. After a great siege has to conclude peace with Persia and loses control of the whole island.
709 BC: Assyrian conquest of Cyprus by king Sargon II (721-705 BC) of Assyria.
669/663 BC: Independent city-kingdoms
570 BC: conquest by the Egyptians under Amasis.
Around 500 BC: first Cypriote coins, using the Persian weight system.
499 BC: Kingdoms of Cyprus take part in the Ionian rising under Onesilos of Salamis.
Defeat of the Cypriote kings, re-conquest of the island.
Around 450 BC: increased importance of Kition.
450 BC: Phoenician rulers in Salamis
411 BC: The Teucrid Evagoras I regains the throne of Salamis.
around 400 BC: Evagoras attempts an independent rule on Cyprus with Athenian help.
Ca. 380 BC: Persian reconquest,
386 BC: treaty of Antakidas, Persian rule over Cyprus accepted by Athens.
350 BC: Cypriote rebellion, crushed by Artaxerxes in 344.
351-332 BC: Pythagoras of Salamis and other Cypriote kings go over to Alexander The Great during the siege of Tyre.
331-310 BC: Nicocreon
310-306 BC: Menelaos is made satrap of Cyprus.
306-301 BC: Antigonus
301-30 BC Ptolemaic Lagid Dynasty
116 BC Ptolemy Philometor sent to Cyprus by his mother Cleopatra
109 BC Alexander the brother of Ptolemy IX Lathyros sent to Cyprus by his mother Cleopatra.
107 BC Alexander returns from Cyprus and is made king of Egypt. Ptolemy campaigns in Palestine.
58 BC Cyprus becomes a Roman province.
51 BC Cyprus placed under the rule of Cleopatra by Julius Caesar.
30 BC Cyprus reverts to Roman rule. (The people of Cyprus under the Romans)
45 Paul of Tarsus, St Barnabas and St Mark introduce Christianity to Cyprus and convert the Roman governor Sergius Paulus
115-116: A messianic Jewish revolt results in the massacre of 240,000 Cypriots. Trajan intervenes to restore the peace and expels the Jews from Cyprus.
335: The revolt of the usurper Calocaerus is omated by Flavius Dalmatius.
c.350 Salamis is rebuilt by Constantius II the son of Constantine after being destroyed by earthquakes and is renamed Constantia.

[edit] Middle Ages

Main article: Cyprus (Middle Ages)

395 AD Cyprus becomes part of the Byzantine Empire.
647 The Arabs invade Cyprus under Muawiya and occupy it.
683 The Arab garrison is withdrawn after the Arabs are defeated by Constantine IV.
688 Emperor Justinian II and Caliph al-Malik sign a treaty. No garrisons stationed in the island, and the collected taxes being divided among the Arabs and the Emperor.
965 Cyprus is restored to Byzantine rule by Nicepheros Phokas
1185-1192 Cyprus independent Empire under Isaak Comnenus
1192 Cyprus captured by Richard I of England whilst on his way to Acre. The island is sold to the Templar Order, who in turn sell it to Guy of Lusignan.
1193 Birth of Altheides of Cyprus, the traveling philosopher.
1192-1489 Guy of Lusignan and his descendants rule Cyprus as an independent kingdom.
1489-1571 Cyprus becomes an overseas colony of the Venetian Republic after having been purchased from the last member of the Lusignan dynasty.
1571 Having been put under siege the previous year, Famagusta is captured and Cyprus is under Ottoman Empire rule. First Ottoman settlers.

[edit] Ottoman Empire

Main article: Cyprus (Ottoman Empire)

1571 The Ottomans take Famagusta, Cyprus becomes a part of the Ottoman Empire. Greeks on the island of Cyprus side with Venetians to fight off attacking Ottomans.
1572-1668 Twenty eight bloody uprisings.
1625-1700 Great depopulation of Cyprus. The plague wipes out over half of the population
1821 Greek Cypriots side with Greece in a revolt against Turkish rule. The island's leading churchmen are executed as punishment. 20,000 Christians flee the island.
1869 The Suez Canal opens.

[edit] Modern history

Main article: Modern history of Cyprus

[edit] Overview

Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, Cyprus was annexed by Britain in 1925 and made a crown colony. Between 1955-59 EOKA was created by Greek Cypriots and led by George Grivas to perform enosis (union of the island with Greece). However the EOKA campaign did not result union with Greece but rather an independent republic, The Republic of Cyprus, in 1960.

In 1960 Turkish Cypriots were only the 18% of the Cypriot population. However, the 1960 constitution carried important safeguards for the participation of Turkish Cypriots to the state affairs, like vice-president being Turkish Cypriot, 30% of parliament being Turkish Cypriot, etc. Archbishop Makarios would be the President and Dr Fazil Kucuk would become Vice President. One of the articles in the constitution was the creation of separate local municipalities so that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could manage their own municipalities in the big towns. This article of the constitution has never been implemented by the Republic and president Archbishop Makarios. In response to the Greek-backed coup Turkey invaded the island in 1974 and seized the northern third of the island, Turkish Cypriots in the south would travel north and Greek Cypriots in the north would move south. The de facto state of Northern Cyprus was proclaimed in 1975 under the name "Turkish Federated State of Northern Cyprus". The name was changed to its present form on 15 November 1983. The only country to formally recognise The "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" is Turkey. Turkey repeatedly violates numerous UN Resolutions "[1]" and refers to the Republic of Cyprus as the "Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus" and refuse formal recognition against the international and European law.

[edit] Timeline

1878-1960: British occupation. The British take over the administration of the island, ceded by the Ottomans, for its strategic value, to protect their sea route to India via the Suez Canal. In exchange, Britain agrees to help Turkey against future Russian attacks.
Crown commissioners:
- Sir Robert Biddulph (1880-?)
- Sir Walter Sendall (1892-1898)
- Sir Charles King-Harman (1904-1910)
1914: Cyprus is annexed by Britain when Turkey joins with Germany and Austro-Hungary in World War I.
1925: Cyprus becomes a British Crown Colony.
Governors:
- Sir Richmond Palmer
1931: First serious riots of Cypriots demanding Enosis, the union with Greece. The government-house in Nicosia is burned down and martial law is declared afterwards and the legislative council is abolished. The display of the Greek flag and the Greek National Anthem were banned. British come up with the terms "Greek Cypriot" and "Turkish Cypriot" and use the latter against the "Greek Cypriot" so as to cease Enosis demands.
1939: Greek Cypriots (~85% of population) fight with the British in World War II, demanding Enosis when the war is over. The Turkish Cypriots (~15% of population), want the British rule to continue.
1946-1949: Thousands of displaced Jews are sent to camps on Cyprus by the British Government.
1950: Archbishop Makarios III is elected as political and spiritual leader. Makarios becomes the head of the autocephalous Cypriot Orthodox Church and heads the campaign for Enosis with the support of Greece.
1955: A series of bomb attacks starts a violent campaign for Enosis by EOKA (National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters) led by George Grivas, an ex-colonel in Greek army, born in Cyprus. Grivas takes name of Dighenis, and conducts guerrilla warfare from a secret hideout in the Troodos Mountains. He is estimated to have 300 men at maximum, yet successfully plagues 20,000 British troops and 4,500 police.
1956: Britain deports Makarios to the Seychelles in attempt to quell the revolt. Turkish Cypriots are used as auxiliaries of British Security Forces. Some Turkish Cypriots become informants of the British Colonists and become one of the major targets of the EOKA.
1957: Field Marshal Sir John Harding is replaced by the civilian governor Sir Hugh Foot in a conciliatory move.
1958: Turkish Cypriots are alarmed by British conciliation and begin demands for partition. There are inter-communal clashes and attacks on British.
1960: British, Greek and Turkish governments sign a Treaty of Guarantee to provide for an independent Cypriot state within the Commonwealth of Nations and allowing for the retention of two Sovereign Base Areas of Dhekelia and Akrotiri. Under the treaty, each power has the right to take military action in the face of any threat to the constitution. Cyprus becomes independent of foreign rule. Archbishop Makarios, (Greek Cypriot) becomes the first President, Dr Kutchuk (Turkish Cypriot) Vice-President. Both have the right of veto. Turkish Cypriots, who form 18% of the population, are guaranteed vice-presidency, three out of ten ministerial posts and 30% of jobs in the public service, 40% in the army and separate municipal services in the five major towns. Overall, a very complex constitution is drafted, including a lot of decisions to be taken by majority of votes overall as well as within each community.
1963-1973: Greek Cypriots view the constitution as unworkable and propose changes abolishing all veto rights and many ethnic clauses; these proposals are rejected by Turkish Cypriots and the Turkish government. Inter-communal fighting erupts. Tylliria is bombarded with napalm bombs [2]. A UN Peace Keeping Force is sent in, but is powerless to prevent incidents. Thousands of Turkish Cypriots retreat into enclaves and are embargoed by the Greeks Cypriots. The UN attempts to supply them with food and medicine. The Turks are to remain in the enclaves for the next 11 years until the partition of the island in 1974.
1974: On 15 July the military government (junta) in Greece with the support of the CIA and American national security advisor Henry Kissinger orders a coup by the Greek National guard to overthrow Makarios who they see as being too pro-Russian. Makarios is forced to flee to the British base. A puppet regime is imposed under Nikos Sampson, a former EOKA fighter and paid CIA operative.
- Five days after the coup on 20 July Turkish Turkey invades Cyprus and captures 3% of the islands territory around the town of Kyrenia, driving out the Greek Cypriot population.
- Three days later the coup is put down and democracy is restored.
- On 14 August after UN talks break down it lands 40,000 troops on the north coast. 200,000 Greek Cypriots Flee to the South, while Turkish Cypriots are forced to leave their homes in the South. Turkish forces are left in control of 37% of the island. Facing threats from Turkey the United Nations and the Cyprus government agree to allow the Turkish Cypriots living in the free areas to be transferred by the UN and British SBA authorities to the occupied north against their will.
1975: Turks announce a Federate State in the north, with Rauf Denktaş as leader. UN Forces stay as buffer between the two zones.
1977: Makarios dies, having been restored as President of Greek Cyprus after 1974. He is succeeded by Spyros Kyprianou.
1983: The Turkish Federated State declares itself independent as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), with Denktaş as President. The new state is not recognised by any country except Turkey and officially boycotted.
1992-1995: UN sponsored talks between the two sides run into the sand, but with a commitment to resume.
2001: The European Court of Human Rights finds Turkey guilty of continuing human rights violations against the Greek Cypriots, and the Turkish Cypriots also.
2003: Cyprus is set to join the European Union in May 2004. Renewed negotiations about the status of the island take place.
- On 23 April 2003, the line which divides the two parts of Cyprus was partly opened. Thousands of Turkish and Greek Cypriots cross the buffer zone to the "other side" after 30 years.
24 April 2004 The Annan Plan for unification is rejected by the majority of Greek Cypriots in a bipartisan referendum.
- The sovereign Republic of Cyprus joins the EU on 1 May but the EU acquis is suspended in the occupied north.

[edit] See also

[edit] Further reading

History, general
- C. D. Cobham, Excerpta Cypria: materials for a history of Cyprus (Cambridge 1908). Nice Collection of written sources.
- D. Hunt, Footprints in Cyprus (London, Trigraph 1990).
Prehistory
- Vassos Karageorghis, Cyprus (1969). Includes bibliography.
- Veronica Tatton-Brown, Cyprus BC: 7000 years of history (London, British Museum 1979).
- Stuart Swiny, Earliest Prehistory of Cyprus (American School of Oriental Research 2001) ISBN 0-89757-051-0
- J. M. Webb/D. Frankel, "Characterising the Philia facies. Material culture, chronology and the origins of the Bronze age in Cyprus" in American Journal of archaeology 103, 1999, 3-43.
- S. Gitin/A. Mazar/E. Stern (eds.), Mediterranean peoples in transition, thirteenth to early 10th century BC (Jerusalem, Israel exploration Society 1998). Late Bronze Age and transition to the Iron Age.
- J. D. Muhly, "The role of the Sea People in Cyprus during the LCIII period. In: Vassos Karageorghis and J. D. Muhly (eds), Cyprus at the close of the Bronze Age (Nicosia 1984), 39-55. End of Bronze Age
Classical Period, Sources
- Herodotus, "The Histories"
- Isocrates, "Nicocles"
- Diodorus Siculus, "Bibliothiki" (Library)
- Arrian, "The Campaigns of Alexander the Great"
Mediavial Age
- Angel Nicolaou-Konnari (Ed): Cyprus. Society and culture (1191 - 1374); Leiden : Brill, 2005. - XVI, 403 S., ISBN 90-04-14767-5
History, 20th century
- C. Spyridiakis, The education policy of the English government in Cyprus (1878-1954).
- C. Spyridiakis, A brief history of Cyprus.
Mythology
- Apollodorus, "Bibliothiki" (Library)
- Pausanias, "Description of Greece"
- Ovid, "Metamorphosis"