History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830

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The history of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830 covers the period up to the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the world's first intercity passenger railway operated solely by steam locomotives. The earliest form of railways, horse-drawn wagonways, originated in Germany in the 16th century. However, the first use of steam locomotives was in Britain. The invention of wrought iron rails, together with Richard Trevithick's pioneering steam locomotive meant that Britain had the first true railways in the world.

[edit] Early rails

As early as 1671 railed roads were in use in Durham to ease the conveyance of coal; the first of these was the Tanfield Wagon Way<ref>Hamilton Ellis (1968). The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways. The Hamlyn Publishing Group, p.12.</ref>. Many of these tramroads or wagon ways were built in the 17th. and 18th. centuries. They used simply straight and parallel rails of timber on which carts with simple flanged iron wheels were drawn by horses, enabling several wagons to be moved simultaneously.

These primitive rails were superseded in 1793 when the then superintendent of the Cromford Canal, Benjamin Outram, constructed a tramway with L-shaped cast-iron plate rails: it was a little over a mile in length and had a gauge of 3 ft 6 in (1067 mm). Wagons fitted with simple flangeless wheels were kept on the track by vertical ledges, or plates. Cast-iron rails were a significant improvement over wooden rails as they could support a greater weight and the friction between wheel and rail was lower, allowing longer trains to be moved by horses.

Outram's rails were superseded by William Jessop's cast iron edge rails where flanged wheels ran on the top edge of simple bar-shaped rails without the guiding ledges of Outram's plate rails. Jessop, a former pupil of John Smeaton, formed a partnership with Outram to manufacture the new rails. The rails were first employed in 1789 at the Loughborough Canal. Such rails could be manufactured in 3 ft (914 mm) lengths.

Cast iron rails had a propensity to break easily, and gradually wrought iron took over. In 1820 John Birkenshaw introduced a method of rolling rails in greater lengths; wrought iron was used from then onwards.

Cross-section diagram of Tanfield Wagon Way circa 1765 with wooden rails and cast iron flanged wheels

Cross-section diagram of Outram's Cromford Canal tramway showing cast-iron L-shaped rails and flanegless iron wheels

Jessop's edge rails of 1789 with cast-iron flanged wheels running on iron rails

[edit] Early public railways

The earliest railways were built and paid for by the owners of the mines they served. As railway technology developed, longer lines became possible, connecting mines with more distant transshipment points and promising lower costs. These longer lines often required public subscription to build and crossed over land not owned by the mine owners. As a result they needed an Act of Parliament to build, to enforce the sale of wayleave by landowners . The Acts also protected investors from unrealistic, or downright fraudulent, schemes.

The first line to obtain such an act, in 1758, was a private coal-owner's wagonway, the Middleton Railway in Leeds. The first for public use, and on cast iron rails, was the Surrey Iron Railway incorporated in 1799 to run between Wandsworth and Croydon in what is now south London; although it survived only until 1845 and was for freight traffic only, it prefaced many others in different parts of the country. Meanwhile, the first passenger-carrying public railway was the Oystermouth Railway, authorised in 1807. All three of these railways were initially worked by horses; the Surrey Iron Railway remained horse-drawn throughout its life.

[edit] Introduction of steam locomotives

The first steam locomotive was introduced by Richard Trevithick in 1804 <ref>Robert Kirkby, Richard Shelton et. al. (October 1990). Engineering in History. New York: Dover Publications Inc., pp 274 - 275. ISBN 0-486-26412-2. </ref>. He was the first engineer to build a successful high pressure stationary steam engine, in 1799. He followed this with a road going steam carriage in 1801. Although that experiment ended in failure, in 1804 he built a successful rail going steam locomotive named Penydarren for the narrow gauge Penydarren Tramway in South Wales. Penydarren used a high pressure cylinder without a condenser, the exhaust steam being used to assist the draught via the firebox, increasing efficiency even more. These fundamental improvements in steam engine designs by Trevithick did not change for the whole of the steam era. Amid great interest from the public, on 21 February 1804 it successfully carried 10 tons of iron, 5 wagons and 70 men a distance of 9.75 miles (16 km) in 4 hours and 5 minutes, an average speed of nearly 5 mph. This locomotive proved that steam traction was a viable proposition, although the use of the locomotive was quickly abandoned as it was too heavy for the primitive plateway track.

Trevithick built a second locomotive in 1804, the Catch me who can which ran on a temporary demonstration railway in Euston Square, London. Members of the public were able to ride behind at speeds up to 12mph. However, it wore the track out and Trevithick was forced to scrap it after just two months. <ref>Science and Society Picture Library : 'Catch-Me-Who-Can', 1808</ref>

The first commercially successful steam locomotive was The Salamanca, built in 1812 by John Blenkinsop and Matthew Murray for the 4 ft (1219 mm) gauge Middleton Railway <ref>Hamilton Ellis (1968). The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways. The Hamlyn Publishing Group, pp.20.</ref>. Blenkinsop believed that a locomotive light enough to move under its own power would be too light to generate sufficient adhesion, so he designed a rack and pinion system for the line. This was despite the fact that Trevithick had demonstrated successful adhesion locomotives a decade before. The single rack ran outside the narrow gauge tracks and was engaged by a cog wheel on the left side of the locomotive. The cog wheel was driven by two cylinders embedded into the top of the center-flue boiler. Four such locomotives were built for the railway, and they worked until the early 1830s.

[edit] Stockton and Darlington Railway

The proprietors of Wylam Colliery, near Newcastle upon Tyne wanted to abolish horse-drawn trains in favour of steam. In 1804, William Hedley, a manager at the colliery, employed Trevithick to build a steam locomotive, named Wylam Dilly. However, it proved too heavy for the wooden track to allow it to be used. <ref>William Hedley. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved on 2006-11-25.</ref>. William Hedley and Timothy Hackworth (another colliery employee), designed a locomotive in 1813 which became known as Puffing Billy <ref>Puffing Billy. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved on 2006-11-24.</ref>. Puffing Billy featured piston rods extending upwards to pivoting beams, connected in turn by rods to a crankshaft beneath the frames, which in turn drove the gears attached to the wheels. This meant that the wheels were coupled, allowing better traction

A year later George Stephenson, another of Wylam's employees, improved on that design with Blucher, <ref>History of the locomotives.. Retrieved on 2006-11-24.</ref> which was the first locomotive to use flanged wheels keeping the locomotive on the track, and had cylinder rods directly connected to the wheels.

In 1821 an Act of Parliament was approved for a tramway between Stockton and Darlington. Stephenson's design convinced the backers of the proposed tramway to appoint Stephenson, who had recently built the Hetton colliery railway, as engineer. Traffic on the Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR) was originally intended to be horse-drawn, but Stephenson carried out a fresh survey of the route to allow steam haulage, and the Act was subsequntly amended to allow the usage of steam locomotives. The railway was also empowered to carry passengers in addition to coal and general merchandise.

The line was 25 miles (40 km) in length, had 100 passing loops along its single track, and four branch lines to collieries. It opened on 27 September 1825. The first train was hauled by Stephenson's Locomotion No 1 at speeds of 12 - 15mph (19 - 24 km/hr). <ref>Locomotion. Darlington Railway Centre and Museum. Retrieved on 2006-11-27.</ref>. Four locomotives named Locomotion were constructed, and were effectively beam engines on wheels with vertical cylinders. They were also amongst the first locomotives to use coupling rods rather than chains to drive its wheels.<ref>Locomotion. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved on 2006-11-27.</ref>. The railway was initially operated like a public road, and it was a common occurrence for waggoners' trains to meet on the single track, leadiong to arguments as to who should back up to a passing loop.

[edit] Liverpool and Manchester Railway

The Liverpool and Manchester Railway' (L&MR) was the world's first intercity passenger railway in which all the trains were timetabled and operated by steam locomotives. This differed from the Stockton and Darlington, as sections of this line employed cable haulage, and only the coal trains were hauled by locomotives. Further, horse-drawn traffic could use the Stockton and Darlington upon payment of a toll. The passenger-carrying Canterbury and Whitstable Railway opened three months before the L&MR. However, it used cable haulage by stationary steam engines over much of its length, with steam locomotives restricted to the level stretch. <ref>Maxted, I. (1970). The Canterbury & Whitstable Railway. Oakwood Press.</ref> The L&MR was primarily built to provide faster transport of raw materials and finished goods between the port of Liverpool and mills in Manchester in north-west England.

The Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company was founded on 24 May 1823. The 35-mile line was a remarkable engineering achievement for its time, beginning with the 2250-yard Wapping Tunnel beneath Liverpool from the docks to Edge Hill. Following this was a two mile-long-cutting, up to 70 feet deep, through rock at Olive Mount, and a nine 50-foot span arch viaduct over the Sankey Brook Valley, around 70 feet high. There was also a 4.75-mile crossing of the Chat Moss bog.

To determine which locomotives would be suitable, the directors organised the Rainhill Trials. These were arranged as an open contest that would let them see all the locomotive candidates in action, with the choice to follow. A prize of £500 was offered to the winner of the trials. The trials were won by Rocket, built by George Stephenson and Robert Stephenson. Rocket was the first locomotive to to use a multi-tubular boiler, which allowed more effective heat transfer from the exhaust gases to the water. It was also the first to use a blastpipe, where used steam from the cylinders discharges into the smokebox beneath the chimney in order to increase the draught of the fire. With these innovations, Rocket averaged 12 miles per hour (achieving a top speed of 30 miles per hour) hauling 13 tons, and was declared the winner of the trials. The Stephensons were accordingly given the contract to produce locomotives for the Liverpool & Manchester Railway.

The line opened on September 15, 1830 with termini at Liverpool Road, Manchester (now part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester) and Edge Hill, Liverpool.

[edit] Scotland

The first railway in Scotland was the Kilmarnock and Troon Railway. The line began life as a waggonway which opened on 6 July 1812. At first it was operated by horses, but in 1817 locomotive haulage was trialed, using on of Stephenson's locomotives. This was the first use of a steam locomotive in Scotland. <ref>Kilmarnock and Troon Railway. RAILSCOT. Retrieved on 2006-11-25.</ref> The first public steam railway in Scotland was the Monkland & Kirkintilloch Railway. An Act of Parliament authorising the railway was passed in 1824, and it opened in 1826. <ref>Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway. RAILSCOT. Retrieved on 2006-11-25.</ref> These were the only railways in Scotland to open befoe 1830.

[edit] References

<references/>

• Hadfield, Charles. and Skempton, A. W. (January 1979). William Jessop, Engineer. Newton Abbot: M.& M.Baldwin. ISBN 0715376039.
• Schofield, R.B. (October 2000). Benjamin Outram, 1764-1805: An Engineering Biography. Cardiff: Merton Priory Press. ISBN 1898937427.
• Ransom, P.J.G. (July 1989). The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved. London: William Heinemann. ISBN 0434980838.
• Stansfield, G. (1999). Ayrshire & Renfrewshire's Lost Railways. Catrine: Stenlake Publishing. ISBN 1-8403-3077-5.
• The History of the Railway in Britain. Historic Herefordshire Online. Retrieved on 2006-11-24.
• The Old Times - History of the Locomotive. Retrieved on 2006-11-24.
• Dendy Marshall, C.F. (1929). "The Rainhill Locomotive Trials of 1829". Transactions of the Newcomen Society 9.
• Dowd, Steven (May 1999). "The Liverpool & Manchester Railway". Journal of the International Bond & Share Society. Retrieved on 2006-11-24.
• (Summer 1985) "The Broad Gauge Story". Journal of the Monmouthshire Railway Society. Retrieved on 2006-11-24.

[edit] See Also

• History of rail transport
• British narrow gauge railways