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"Hooligan" redirects here. For other uses, see Hooligan (disambiguation).

Hooliganism is slang for unruly and destructive behavior.

Such behavior is commonly associated with sports fans, particularly supporters of professional football and university sports. The term can also apply to general rowdy behaviour and vandalism, often under the influence of alcohol or drugs. The term has been used since at least the 1890s, to describe the behavior of street gangs.

Contents 1 Origin of the word 2 Hooliganism laws in the Soviet Union and Russia 3 Hooliganism laws in Iran 4 Hooliganism in Argentina 5 Hooliganism in the United States and Canada 6 See also 7 Media 8 External links

[edit] Origin of the word

The first use of the term is unknown, but it appeared in an 1898 London police report. One theory is that the word came from the name of an Irish hoodlum from Southwark, London named Patrick Hooligan. Another theory is that it came from a street gang in Islington named Hooley. A third theory is that it's based on an Irish word, Hooley, which means a wild, spirited party.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Hooliganism laws in the Soviet Union and Russia

In the Soviet Union, hooliganism was made a criminal offence under the penal codes of the Soviet republics. Article 216 of the penal code defined hooliganism as "any deliberate behaviour which violates public order and expresses explicit disrespect towards the society." This article was used to cover a wide range of behaviors, such as vagrancy, stalking and foul language. This law was often used by Soviet authorities against political dissidents.

Hooliganism is still covered under the criminal and administrative codes of Russia, and is applicable to persons at least 16 years old. Hooliganism is graded into Malicious hooliganism, hooliganism, and Petty hooliganism.

Petty hooliganism is "subject to administrative proceedings" (roughly equivalent to application of the civil law) and classified as roughly equivalent to an infraction). It is mostly applied to minor street disorders and fighting by urban youth. Malicious hooliganism is defined as being committed "with extraordinary cynicism, with resistance to law enforcement, with usage of arms or attempt thereof, or committed by a recidivist."

[edit] Hooliganism laws in Iran

In Iran, hooliganism — including football hooliganism — is punishable by a prison sentence or death. According to the Students Movements Coordination Committee for Democracy in Iran (SMCCDI), four Esfahan residents were executed by hanging for their part in October 2001 riots. The four were accused of banditry, hooliganism and aggression after clashing with police. Hundreds of youths had taken to the streets following the Iranian national football team's loss in a World Cup qualifying match. Fans shouting "Death to the Islamic Republic" tore down street decorations put up to welcome Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who was to visit the city the following day.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Hooliganism in Argentina

Most sports-related hooliganism in Argentina is associated with football, but many times it is linked to other sports, such as rugby and basketball. In most stadiums in South America, there are sections behind the goals which have no seats, just steps (terraces). Most hooligans and fans bring flags, fireworks, and small pieces of paper that they throw when their team comes out to the field. Many times when teams lose decisive matches, fans get violent and fight the police and other supporters.

[edit] Hooliganism in the United States and Canada

There have been many incidents of sports-related violence in North America, although they do not seem to emulate the team-based rivalries found in other parts of the world. The incidents often involve a breakdown of order following a significant victory or defeat. Some of the more famous examples of fan violence include:

• The 1974 Nickel Beer Brawl at a baseball game at Cleveland Stadium which caused the Cleveland Indians to forfeit to the Texas Rangers after some of the drunken fans started a riot.
• Disco Demolition Night started out as a tongue-in-cheek effigy burning of disco records between doubleheader games involving the Chicago White Sox and Detroit Tigers on July 12, 1979. The event turned into a riot, although no major damage was caused. The White Sox were forced to forfeit the second game.
• Though no major incidents have occurred, the intense rivalry between the Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees has created volatile environments for fans and players. The worst conflict occurred when members of the Yankee bullpen were involved in a fight with a member of the Fenway Park grounds crew inside the visitors bullpen during the 2003 ALCS. Two Yankee players were charged in the incident, although the charges were dropped. The fans of the two teams are always fighting, both verbally, and physically. The bleachers at both Yankee Stadium and Fenway park can create a very favorable environment for fights when the teams play each other, especially when they meet during the playoffs.
• A victory celebration in Detroit, Michigan after the 1990 NBA Finals degenerated into a riot that left 7 dead.
• Three people died in Chicago, Illinois after the Chicago Bulls won the 1993 NBA championship.
• A riot in Montreal, Quebec followed the suspension of ice hockey player Maurice Richard in 1955. The incident is known as the Richard Riot.
• After the Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup in 1993, fans rioted on St. Catherine's Street, torching cars and smashing store windows.
• The Stanley Cup Riot in Vancouver, British Columbia, occurred on June 13, 1994 after the Vancouver Canucks lost to the New York Rangers.
• At an NBA game in Detroit on November 19, 2004, Indiana Pacers player Ron Artest stormed into the stands to chase after a fan who threw a cup at his head. This caused the game to be stopped with 45.7 seconds remaining. Artest was suspended by the NBA for the remainder of the season (73 games), and other Pacers players faced lesser suspensions and legal charges. The incident was dubbed the Malice at the Palace.
• In Boston, Massachusetts, a wild victory celebration in the streets outside Fenway Park after the Red Sox won the 2004 ALCS led to the death of Victoria Snelgrove by riot police. Snelgrove's death was caused by a "non-lethal" projectile (a pepper spray pellet fired from an FN 303).
• New York Rangers fans who sat in the famed blue seats in the 1970's and 1980's at Madison Square Garden were notorious for their excesses in terms of salty language, physicality, and alcohol. It was not an uncommon site for Rangers fans to set fire to the jerseys of opposing fans of local rivals the Boston Bruins, Philadelphia Flyers, New Jersey Devils, and the New York Islanders. Fights in the stands when these teams and their fans visiting MSG were numerous, and well documented in the local papers at the time. Rangers and Islanders fans even had a mass brawl in the bleachers of Shea Stadium during a New York Metropolitans baseball game after a bitter playoff series between the two teams.
• New Jersey Devils fans are known for excessive behavior ranging from vulgar crowd chants to setting fire to opposing fans' team jerseys.^{[verification needed]}
• Fans of the Philadelphia Eagles have a widespread reputation for excessive and sometimes-violent behavior. In 1997, a small municipal courthouse and jail were established in Veterans Memorial Stadium (the Eagles' previous home field), to deal with fans who commit breaches of the peace during Eagles' home games. When the Lincoln Financial Field (the team's current stadium) opened in 2003, it was equipped with similar facilities. This, along with increased patrols by plainclothes police officers, has greatly reduced incidents of fan violence at Eagles' games.
• Fans of the Oakland Raiders, San Francisco 49ers, New York Jets, Cleveland Browns, and Washington Redskins have a reputation for excessive behavior at football games.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] See also

• Football hooliganism
• Football firm
• Ultras
• Skinhead
• Casuals
• Yobbo
• Collective Effervescence

[edit] Media

Books

• Among the Thugs
• Red Army General: Leading Britain's Biggest Hooligan Gang
• Scally: Confessions Of A Category C Football Hooligan
• Football Hooligans: Knowing the Score (Explorations in Anthropology S.)
• The Family Game: The Untold Story of Hooliganism in Rugby League
• Fighting Fans: Football Hooliganism as a World Phenomenon
• Hooliganism: Crime, Culture and Power in St. Petersburg, 1900-14
• Football Hooliganism: The Wider Context
• Barmy Army: The Changing Face of Football Violence
• The Roots of Football Hooliganism
• Understanding Soccer Hooliganism
• Bloody Casuals: Diary of a Football Hooligan
• Naughty: The Story of a Football Hooligan Gang
• The Frontline
• City Psychos: From the Monte Carlo Mob to the Silver Cod Squad
• Rolling with the 6.57 Crew: The True Story of Pompey's Legendary Football Fans
• Hooligan Wars: Causes and Effects of Football Violence
• Terrace Legends
• Congratulations, You have just met the I.C.F.
• Flying With the Owls Crime Squad

Documentaries and films

• The Firm
• The Football Factory
• Green Street, 2005 film starring Elijah Wood and Charlie Hunnam
• Hooligans & Thugs: Soccer's Most Violent Fan Fights, [1]
• I.D.
• Klatka
• Proč?
• Trouble On The Terraces
• Ultra, a 1991 Italian language film that follows a group of AS Roma fans

[edit] External links

• Football Industry Group What is Football Hooliganism?
• Hooli-News Hooligan-related news and information
• Hooligan FC Hooligan website and forumda:Hooligan

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